Briefly noted: A recent study (A Mosca et al. J Pediatr 2019; 211: 72-7) examined 182 obese/overweight children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 137 (75.3%) had liver fibrosis. 39 had fibrosis level ≥2 (21.4%)

Risk factors for liver fibrosis:

• Not being breastfed OR 3.1
• Parenteral obesity OR 2.9
• PNPLA3 (palatin like phospholipase domain-containing 3) GG (1148M) variant OR 2.1
• Fructose consumption (OR 1.6 per 1 g/day increase)
• Vitamin D deficiency (25-OH <20 mg/dL) OR 1.24
• A high socioeconomic status was inversely associated with fibrosis OR 0.3

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