Category Archives: Nutrition

More on Breastfeeding and Intelligence

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A recent prospective study with 30 year followup indicates that breastfeeding is associated with improved IQ and income.

A summary of the study from NBC/Today Health.  An excerpt:

Babies who are breastfed for at least a year grow up to be significantly more intelligent as adults and they earn more money, too, a new study shows….

Many experts have questioned whether it’s breastfeeding that makes babies grow up healthier and smarter, or something else that their mothers do — maybe spending more time with them. In other studies done in the U.S. and Europe, mothers who breastfeed longer tend to be more educated and affluent — and that clearly has an effect on their kids.

This study was different.

“What is unique about this study is the fact that, in the population we studied, breastfeeding was not more common among highly educated, high-income women, but was evenly distributed by social class,” Horta said.

Coverage of story from NY Times with link to original study: an excerpt:

The study, in the April issue of Lancet Global Health, began in 1982 with 5,914 newborns. The duration of breast-feeding and the age when the babies began eating solid foods was recorded. Thirty years later, researchers were able to interview and test 3,493 of the original group….

Still, the authors acknowledge that this is an observational study, and that many other unmeasured factors could have influenced their results.

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Dropping Weight by Adding Fiber in Diet

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A recent study showed that increasing fiber in the diet helped participants lose weight.  The details are noted in this LA Times story: To lose weight, experts suggest a focus on fiber

Here’s an excerpt:

If you’re trying to lose weight, you could count your calories, keep track of precisely how much salt and sugar your eat, and make sure you hit certain targets for protein, carbohydrates, cholesterol and the various types of fat. Or you could set all of that aside and concentrate on just one thing: Eating at least 30 grams of fiber each day.

In a yearlong clinical trial involving 240 obese people who had metabolic syndrome, those who focused on fiber lost almost as much weight as those who followed the American Heart Assn.’s extremely detailed dietary recommendations.

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Some funny headlines form Freakomomics website –here’s one:

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Family Meals –Protection Against Obesity?

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According to a 10-year longitudinal study, increased family meal frequency during adolescence was associated with a reduced odds of overweight or obesity (Berge JM et al, J Pediatr 2015; 166: 296-301, editorial 220-21).

The data from this study derived from Project EAT I and EAT III which examined at baseline middle school and high school students at 31 public schools in Minnesota.  Ultimately the participants (n=2117) were followed over 10 years.

Key finding:

  • “Results showed that eating family meals together, ranging from 1-2 to 5 or more times during 1 week, was significantly predictive of lower odds of being overweight or obese 10 years later.”  This effect was largest among African American participants.
  • Odds ratios for overweight/obesity was similar with any frequency of family meals compared to no family meals: 1-2 times/week OR 0.67, 3-4 times/week OR 0.50, and 5 or more/week OR 0.68

Why does this occur?

There is not an answer to this question.

Speculation from the authors:

  • “Healthier meals”
  • “Opportunities for emotional connection”
  • “Parental modeling”

In my view, family meals may be an epiphenomenon.  It may be a marker for a more organized household which is likely to have some favorable effects.

Bottomline: Another reason to eat together.  Besides having a chance to catch up on your kids, it may keep them healthier.

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The Peanut Story -From NEJM Blog

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If you listen to any news source over the last day, there is a buzz about a new study regarding early peanut exposure in the prevention of peanut allergy.  A link to a blog that summarizes the study and the associated editorial:  NEJM Blog -Peanut Consumption in Infants For those who prefer a 1 minute video summary: Here’s a brief excerpt: The Learning Early About Peanut Allergy (LEAP) study, now published in NEJM, was a randomized, open-label, single-center study designed to compare two strategies to prevent peanut allergy: consumption or avoidance of peanuts. The trial enrolled children 4-11 months of age who were thought to be at high risk for developing a peanut allergy based on a history of severe eczema or egg allergy.  Participants were given a skin prick test to evaluate for sensitivity to peanut.  Children with a negative skin prick result (meaning no measureable skin wheal) or moderately positive (1-4mm wheal) were included in the study; children with a highly positive result (wheal >4mm) were excluded.  Infants were then stratified based on their skin prick test results. 530 infants in the skin prick test negative group and 98 infants in the skin prick test positive group were randomly assigned to either consume 6g of peanut protein per week or to avoid peanuts.  The primary outcome was the proportion of participants with a peanut allergy at age 5, determined by response to an oral peanut protein challenge. The results were impressive:  in the negative skin prick test group, the prevalence of peanut allergy at age 5 was 13.7% in the avoidance group versus 1.9% in the consumption group (P<0.001).  In the positive skin prick test group, 35.3% of those who avoided peanuts were allergic as compared with 10.6% of the consumption group (P=0.004).

This study (NEJM 2015; 372: 803-13) showed that the early introduction of peanuts (median age 7.8 months) significantly decreased the frequency of the development of peanut allergy among children at high risk for this allergy.  These results will result in changes in practice recommendations.  It is noted that approximately 10% of children who had a wheal of more than 4 mm develop after skin-prick testing were excluded.  The associated editorial (pages 875-77) by Rebecca Gruchalla and Hugh Sampson recommends a cautious approach: “any infant between 4 months and 8 months of age believed to be at risk for peanut allergy should undergo skin-prick testing for peanut. If the results are negative, the child should be started on a diet that includes 2 g of peanut protein three times a week for at least three years.” For those with mild positivity, “the child should undergo a food challenge…by a physician who has experience performing a food challenge.”

Will Fitness Devices (like your phone) Help?

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A recent NY Times article reviewed a JAMA study looking at the 10 new devices geared at measuring activity. Better Fitness Through Your Phone

N of 1: As a personal aside, since I know that big brother (ie. my phone) is watching and I want to compare favorably to my wife, I definitely am taking more steps and using the stairs a bit more.

Here’s an excerpt:

The pedometer and the accelerometers were generally quite accurate, but one of the wristbands, the Fuelband, underreported the number of steps the volunteers had taken by more than 20 percent.

Others of the monitors were more accurate but, by and large, no more so than the smartphone apps, which cost much less and would likely be more convenient for many people.

The upshot, said Dr. Mitesh S. Patel, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania who oversaw the study, is that smartphones could offer “an easy, less expensive, but still accurate” means for people to track their activity.

But the broader issue, as Dr. Patel and his colleagues pointed out in a related commentary published recently in JAMA, is that no fitness tracker of any kind has yet proved able to motivate people disinclined to exercise to start moving

Changing Story Regarding Dietary Cholesterol

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From USA Today: Limiting Dietary Cholesterol May Not Be Needed

Here’s an excerpt:

In a draft report issued in December, an influential federal panel — the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee — scrapped longstanding guidelines about avoiding high-cholesterol food…The committee will send its final recommendations to the Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which issue the dietary advice. Those departments are expected to issue Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015 later this year…

“It’s the right decision,” said Steven Nissen, chairman of cardiovascular medicine at the famed Cleveland Clinic. “We got the dietary guidelines wrong. They’ve been wrong for decades.”

He noted that only 20% of a person’s blood cholesterol — the levels measured with standard cholesterol tests — comes from diet. The rest comes from genes, he said.

“We told people not to eat eggs. It was never based on good science,” Nissen said.

Advice to avoid foods high in fat and cholesterol led many Americans to switch to foods high in sugar and carbohydrates, which often had more calories. “We got fatter and fatter,” Nissen says. “We got more and more diabetes.”

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Good News for Starbucks & Coffee Vendors

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This blog has posted a number of favorable reports on coffee, even though I’m not a coffee enthusiast.  In general, coffee has favorable health effects when it is not paired with alcohol or tobacco.

A recent coffee study (Gastroenterol 2015; 148: 118-25) shows an association between coffee intake and reduced incidence of liver cancer and death from chronic liver disease in the U.S.

Here’s a link to a summary of the article: GastroHepNews Coffee and Liver Disease

  • During an 18-year follow-up period, there were 451 incident cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and 654 deaths from chronic liver disease.
  • Compared with non-coffee drinkers, the researchers noted that those who drank 2–3 cups per day had a 38% reduction in risk for hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Those who drank ≥4 cups per day had a 41% reduction in hepatocellular carcinoma risk.
  • Compared with non-coffee drinkers, participants who consumed 2–3 cups coffee per day had a 46% reduction in risk of death from chronic liver disease, and those who drank ≥4 cups per day had a 71% reduction.
  • The inverse associations were similar regardless of the participants’ ethnicity, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, or diabetes status.

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More liver-related news: Man with infected hepatitis C sentenced to 3 years for spitting in officer’s face (from The Republic/AP News)

Does Anyone Know Why This Toilet is in our Parking Garage?

Does Anyone Know Why This Toilet is in our Office Parking Garage?

Leptin Deficiency and Early-Onset Extreme Obesity

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A brief report (NEJM 2015; 372: 48-54) details a case of 2.5 year old who weighed 33.7 kg (>99.9% and z score of 7.2) and had BMI of 38.6 (>99.9% and z score of 5.8).

Link to article (and picture/growth curve)

The authors determined that he had a mutation which caused biologically inactive leptin.  Subsequently, treatment with metreleptin injections, improved eating behavior and resulted in substantial weight loss.

Key points:

  • “Current clinical recommendations advise that leptin serum concentrations be measured in children who have rapid weight gain in the first months of life.” (“The severely obese patient –a genetic work-up.” Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006; 2: 172-7)
  • This case report demonstrates that normal circulating levels of the hormone “do not rule out disease-causing mutations in the gene encoding leptin.”

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Walking May Lower Risk of Death

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From NBC news:  A walk a day may keep early death away

Here’s the “skinny:” (an excerpt)

The findings that a daily, stroll of 20 minutes may reduce a person’s risk of premature death by up to 30 percent are consistent… with the physical activity guidelines for Americans.

Related blog post:

Walking with a “Z” or an “X” | gutsandgrowth

Don't Run Over When You Walk

Don’t Get Run Over When You Walk

Water -Often Missing from Diet

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A recent NPR report indicates that a faction of scientists is pushing for a water icon to be added to the government’s MyPlate.

Here’s the link: Missing from MyPlate? Water

Here’s an excerpt:

“Consumption of sugary beverages is the leading contributor to added sugar in the American diet,” says Christina Hecht, senior policy adviser at the UC Nutrition Policy Institute and one of the water advocates. “If people could make that one change to drink water to quench their thirst instead of sugar beverages, that would solve a big piece of the problem.”

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