Author Archives: gutsandgrowth

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About gutsandgrowth

I am a pediatric gastroenterologist at GI Care for Kids (previously called CCDHC) in Atlanta, Georgia. The goal of my blog is to share some of my reading in my field more broadly. In addition, I wanted to provide my voice to a wide range of topics that often have inaccurate or incomplete information. Before starting this blog in 2011, I would tear out articles from journals and/or keep notes in a palm pilot. This blog helps provide an updated source of information that is easy to access and search, along with links to useful multimedia sources. I was born and raised in Chattanooga. After graduating from the University of Virginia, I attended Baylor College of Medicine. I completed residency and fellowship training at the University of Cincinnati at the Children’s Hospital Medical Center. I received funding from the National Institutes of Health for molecular biology research of the gastrointestinal tract. During my fellowship, I had the opportunity to work with some of the most amazing pediatric gastroenterologists and mentors. Some of these individuals included Mitchell Cohen, William Balistreri, James Heubi, Jorge Bezerra, Colin Rudolph, John Bucuvalas, and Michael Farrell. I am grateful for their teaching and their friendship. During my training with their help, I received a nationwide award for the best research by a GI fellow. I have authored numerous publications/presentations including original research, case reports, review articles, and textbook chapters on various pediatric gastrointestinal problems. In addition, I have been recognized by Atlanta Magazine as a "Top Doctor" in my field multiple times. Currently, I am the vice chair of the section of nutrition for the Georgia Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics. In addition, I am an adjunct Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at Emory University School of Medicine. Other society memberships have included the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN), American Academy of Pediatrics, the Food Allergy Network, the American Gastroenterology Association, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation. As part of a national pediatric GI organization called NASPGHAN (and its affiliated website GIKids), I have helped develop educational materials on a wide-range of gastrointestinal and liver diseases which are used across the country. Also, I have been an invited speaker for national campaigns to improve the evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, celiac disease, eosinophilic esophagitis, hepatitis C, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Some information on these topics has been posted at my work website, www.gicareforkids.com, which has links to multiple other useful resources. I am fortunate to work at GI Care For Kids. Our group has 17 terrific physicians with a wide range of subspecialization, including liver diseases, feeding disorders, eosinophilic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, DiGeorge/22q, celiac disease, and motility disorders. Many of our physicians are recognized nationally for their achievements. Our group of physicians have worked closely together for many years. None of the physicians in our group have ever left to join other groups. I have also worked with the same nurse (Bernadette) since I moved to Atlanta in 1997. For many families, more practical matters about our office include the following: – 14 office/satellite locations – physicians who speak Spanish – cutting edge research – on-site nutritionists – on-site psychology support for abdominal pain and feeding disorders – participation in ImproveCareNow to better the outcomes for children with inflammatory bowel disease – office endoscopy suite (lower costs and easier scheduling) – office infusion center (lower costs and easier for families) – easy access to nursing advice (each physician has at least one nurse) I am married and have two sons (both adults). I like to read, walk/hike, bike, swim, and play tennis with my free time. I do not have any financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies or other financial relationships to disclose. I have helped enroll patients in industry-sponsored research studies.

FDA Slaps Restrictions on JAK Inhibitors Over Serious Safety Risks

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Medpage Today (Sept 1, 2021), Full text: FDA Slaps Restrictions on JAK Inhibitors Over Serious Safety Risks

— Use for inflammatory conditions limited to those who fail on TNF blockers

An excerpt:

The FDA has finished its review of a large postmarketing safety study of tofacitinib (Xeljanz, Xeljanz XR), and its conclusions do not bode well for the popular drug and the larger class of JAK inhibitors.

Data from the trial revealed increased risks for serious heart-related events — including myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke — as well as a higher risk for cancer, blood clots, and death. Even the lower 5-mg dose of tofacitinib turned up an increased risk of blood clots and death in the final analysis, the agency noted.

FDA is requiring new and updated warnings for tofacitinib, as well as two other arthritis medicines in the JAK inhibitor class — baricitinib (Olumiant) and upadacitinib (Rinvoq)…

Treatment with the JAK inhibitor was associated with an increased risk for major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including MI, cardiovascular death, and stroke (HR 1.33, 95% CI 0.91-1.94), which missed criteria for non-inferiority, as well as a higher risk for cancer (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.04-2.09).

Related blog posts -Tofacitinib:

AGA Update: Pre-endoscopy COVID Testing Is Not Needed

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Here’s a link: AGA says stay the course, despite the Delta variant

An excerpt:

“AGA suggests against re-instituting routine pre-procedure testing prior to elective endoscopy. The downsides (delays in patient care, burden, inaccurate results) outweigh potential benefits. Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV2 from asymptomatic individuals is rare especially among vaccinated health care workers using personal protective equipment (PPE), even with the emergence of the Delta variant.”

“If PPE is available, AGA recommends using N95 masks” for both upper endoscopy and colonoscopy”

Achalasia Frequent in Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis

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M Ghisa et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 1554-1563. Achalasia and Obstructive Motor Disorders Are Not Uncommon in Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis

In this study with 109 adults who were newly diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), the authors consecutively performed high-resolution manometry (HRM). Key findings:

  • 68 (62%) had normal findings from HRM
  • 8 (7.3%) had achalasia (1 with type 1, 4 with type 2, and 3 with type 3)
  • 9 (8.3%) had major motor disorders of esophagus (& not achalasia) and 24 (15.6%) had minor motor disorders

These findings are important because the diagnosis of EoE could result in a diagnostic delay of concurring achalasia and because the presence of esophageal eosinophilia could perhaps play a role in the pathogenesis of achalasia (or vice versa). The finding of achalasia in 7.3% of this population is exponentially higher than the estimated prevalence of achalasia in the general population (10-16 cases per 100,000).

My take: In patients with EoE, further diagnostic workup is indicated if there are persistent symptoms.

Related blog posts:

Watersound Beach, FL

Hot Study on Hot Dogs & Healthy Eating Habits

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Recently, several news reports highlighted a study which among other things claimed that each hot dog one ingests could costs a person 36 minutes off their lifespan.

Here’s a link to the original study: Small targeted dietary changes can yield substantial gains for human health and the environment (most of article is behind a pay wall)

Here’s a link to the USAToday Coverage: A hot dog shaves 36 minutes off life, study says. Nathan’s champion Joey Chestnut isn’t worried.

An excerpt:

Olivier Jolliet, one of the lead researchers on the study, published in the journal Nature Food, told USA TODAY that 5,800 foods were evaluated and then ranked based on their nutritional disease burden as well as their impact on the environment. Hot dogs were considered the most unhealthy...

The study found that substituting 10% of daily caloric intake from beef and processed meats for a mix of fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes and select seafood could reduce your dietary carbon footprint by one-third and allow people to gain 48 minutes of healthy life per day...

Regardless of moderation, hot dogs are not exactly healthy. The World Health Organization’s International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC) reported ham, hot dogs and other processed meats may contribute to colorectal cancer. Hot dogs also are high in saturated fat and sodium. Just one hot dog can contain over a quarter of your day’s sodium allowance and over 14 grams of fat...while processed meats like hot dogs can inherently be unhealthy, it’s wrong to zero in on just hot dogs as the study does in highlighting the food. 

Coverage from the University of Michigan: Small Changes in Diet Could Help You Live Healthier, More Sustainably

An excerpt:

Researchers classified foods into three color zones: green, yellow and red, based on their combined nutritional and environmental performances, much like a traffic light. The green zone represents foods that are recommended to increase in one’s diet and contains foods that are both nutritionally beneficial and have low environmental impacts. Foods in this zone are predominantly nuts, fruits, field-grown vegetables, legumes, whole grains and some seafood.

Based on their findings, the researchers suggest:

  • Decreasing foods with the most negative health and environmental impacts including high processed meat, beef, shrimp, followed by pork, lamb and greenhouse-grown vegetables.
  • Increasing the most nutritionally beneficial foods, including field-grown fruits and vegetables, legumes, nuts and low-environmental impact seafood.

Related blog posts:

Near Watersound Beach, FL

Bleeding Risks with 22Q Deletion

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PO Patel et al. J Pediatr 2021; 235; 220-225. Bleeding Severity and Phenotype in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome-A Cross-Sectional Investigation

Due to case series which have reported increased mucocutaneous bleeding and macrothrombocytopenia, the authors prospectively evaluated children (n=29) with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) for bleeding disorders. Key findings:

  • In total, 17 of 29 subjects had a positive bleeding score on ISTH-BAT (International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis Bleeding Assessment Tool) compared with 1 of 29 control patients (P < .0001).
  • The most frequent bleeding symptoms reported in subjects with 22q11DS were epistaxis (69%) and bruising (52%).
  • Eighteen subjects had been surgically challenged, and 6 were noted to have increased perioperative hemorrhage.

My take: While this bleeding was mainly mucocutaneous, I agree with the authors that children with 22q11DS should be screened with a validated bleeding assessment tool before surgical interventions.

Related blog posts:

This graph shows how vaccination status is affecting hospitalization/ICU/ventilator needs in Georgia.
Shelburne Farms -Running Cows

The Elephant in the Transplant Room: Personhood

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A recent study and related editorial discuss the ethics and utilization of transplantation for children with intellectual disability.

In the study by Wightman et al, the researchers performed a retrospective cohort analysis of children receiving a first kidney, liver, or heart-alone transplant in the United Network for Organ Sharing dataset from 2008 to 2017. Key findings:

  • Definite intellectual disability accounted for 594 of 6747 (9%) first pediatric kidney-alone, 318 of 4566 (7%) first pediatric liver-alone, and 324 of 3722 (9%) first pediatric heart-alone transplant recipients. 
  • Children with intellectual disability account for 7%-9% of pediatric transplant recipients with comparable long-term outcomes to other pediatric recipients.
  • The article had a number of limitations including a lack of a standardized assessment of cognitive development.

In the editorial, the author “opposes the absolute exclusion of patients with intellectual disability and end-stage organ disease from transplantation waitlists provided that the candidates are expected to gain a predefined minimum benefit threshold of life-years and quality-adjusted-life years. Intellectual disability is one of many factors that should be considered in determining transplant eligibility and each candidate should have an individualized interdisciplinary assessment.”

In this commentary, it is noted that “the vast majority (85%) of individuals classified as having intellectual disability are able to live independently with minimum levels of support.” While the author would exclude those in a persistent vegetative state and those who were minimally conscious, otherwise he advocates “the candidate with intellectual disability should be given equal priority for organ transplantation.”

My view: The suitability for transplantation of individuals with intellectual disability centers on the issue of personhood; those who meet the threshold of personhood should be eligible to receive organ transplants without discrimination.  Wikipedia-Personhood: “Defining personhood is a controversial topic in philosophy and law and is closely tied with legal and political concepts of citizenship, equality, and liberty.”

Related blog posts:

Transient Elastography in Pediatric Liver Disease

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AM Banc-Husu, LM Bass. JPGN 2021; 73: 141-144. Transient Elastography in Pediatric Liver Disease

This useful review explains the techniques/technologies/limitations of transient elastography and provides pediatric values which correlate with liver fibrosis. Confounding factors, however, may affect elastography measurements, such as obesity, severe inflammation, nonfasting state, and hepatic congestion.

From Table 2 for Elastography (FibroScan technology) Cut-Off Values and Correlation with Outcomes :

  • Biliary Atresia: >15.5 kPa distinguishes METAVIR F4 fibrosis and >12.7 kPa predicts development of varices
  • Any Chronic Liver disease: >10.6 kPa distinguishes METAVIR F2 fibrosis
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: >9 kPa distinguishes advanced fibrosis
  • Portal hypertension: >9.7 kPa distinguishes presence of portal hypertension
  • Liver transplant graft: >5.6 kPa distinguishes advanced fibrosis

My take: Elastography is most useful when values are at the very low and very high end. Low values provide a lot of reassurance against significant fibrosis and high values indicate a high likelihood of significant liver fibrosis.

Related blog post:

From Shelburne Farms (https://shelburnefarms.org/) Vermont

Pelvic AnoRectal Care Program (PARC)

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I recently had the opportunity to hear a terrific lecture by Kathleen Hoff regarding efforts to achieve continence for children, especially those with anorectal malformations. This blog entry has abbreviated/summarized the presentation. Though not intentional, some important material is likely to have been omitted; in addition, transcription errors are possible as well.

Key points (my notes followed by screenshots of some of the slides):

How to reach PARC team:

Data from PARC: Red color indicates use of enemas, light brown indicates use of laxatives
Products for enemas
Data showing increasing use of antegrade enemas in older children
and those with moderate and complex malformations

Related blog posts:

“Turning Purple with Pain”

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A recent clinical problem-solving case (TW Fredrick et al. NEJM 2021; 385; 549-554. Turning Purple with Pain) is a good review on episodic pain and acute intermittent porphyria (AIP).

The case presentation regarded a 32 yo with episodic severe pain for 10 years (associated with constipation) that required morphine. Episodes occurred every month or two and lasted for several days. Some clues in this case included the development of hyponatremia, purple urine, and an episode in which she was “out of it.” This episode was attributed to opioid use and providers were concerned about opioid-seeking behavior and a conversion disorder.

She had extensive evaluations including imaging, panendoscopy, and labs. Atypical labs included serum tryptase, cortisol, and C1 esterase inhibitor level. Ultimately, her constellation of findings led to a urine porphyrin levels which disclosed elevated porphobilinogen (PBG) and delta-aminolevulinic acid. The diagnosis of AIP was confirmed with genetic testing.

Key points:

  • AIP results from mutations in HMBS, the gene encoding hydroxymethylbilane synthase which plays an integral role in heme synthesis
  • AIP is rare, affecting about 5 people per million; age of onset is typically 18-45 years of age
  • In a case series, 18% of patients with AIP reported nearly constant abdominal pain symptoms, 73% had nausea/vomiting, 60% have constipation, and 55% had anxiety/depression.
  • Associated conditions included hypertension ((43%), peripheral neuropathy (43%), chronic kidney disease (29%), psychiatric disorders (22%), palpitations (19%), seizures (9%), cirrhosis (2%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (1%)
  • Flares of AIP may be triggered by alcohol, infections, low caloric intake, and medications (especially seizure medications and hormonal contraceptives)
  • The urine can appear red or brown and darkens on exposure to oxygen, light or heat. Purple urine reflects very high urinary PBG levels

My take: This article provides a useful overview. AIP needs to be considered in adolescents with severe abdominal pain that results in hospitalization (especially if episodic).

Related blog post: Liver Shorts -June 2020 (with AIP article)

Also, data supporting COVID-19 effectiveness in reducing the risk of hospitalization–CDC study shows unvaccinated people are 29 times more likely to be hospitalized with Covid (CNBC)

Sterling Pond. Jeffereson, VT