Last Night’s Pumpkins

Posted on November 1, 2020 by gutsandgrowth

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Trick or Tweets?

Posted on October 31, 2020 by gutsandgrowth

Ful Text Link: **COVID-19 Mortality Risk in Down Syndrome: Results From a Cohort Study Of 8 Million Adults**

15 min video Link: How America Helped Defeat the Coronavirus* (not in U.S.). an excerpt: We’ve all heard how U.S. leadership failed its citizens with its pandemic response. We had the playbooks, we had the money, we had the experts. We just … didn’t use them. But it turns out, other countries did. Because U.S. public health leaders and scientists have been planning for a catastrophe just like Covid-19 for decades, and, in typical American fashion, we didn’t just write the pandemic playbook — we exported it around the world.

Key to Reducing Unnecessary AXRs: Individualized Metrics

Posted on October 30, 2020 by gutsandgrowth

Diagnosis of constipation is primarily based on history and physical exam –not abdominal xray (AXR). In a recent quality improvement study (G Moriel et al. J Pediatr 2020; 225: 109-116. Reducing Abdominal Radiographs to Diagnose Constipation in the Pediatric Emergency Department), ED physicians were trying to improve adherence to evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis of constipation in otherwise healthy children. In this article, the authors note evidence “has shown abdominal radiographs to be unreliable in establishing an association between clinical symptoms of constipation and fecal load on abdominal radiographs.”

As part of the study, the researchers provided two 20-minute presentations to the pediatric emergency department providers and sent emails to them and to resident housestaff. The email for ED provider’s included the provider’s baseline abdominal radiograph frequency. After study was initiated, a followup email was sent with similar information with key information on the project along with individualized data.

Key findings:

After the QI interventions, the total percentage of abdominal radiograph decreased to 18% (from 36% at baseline). This 18% decrease was significant ( P < .001) and sustained over a 12-month follow-up period.
The average length of stay was 1.07 hours longer for children who had an abdominal radiograph.
Clinically important return visits to the emergency department were uncommon during the postintervention phase (125/1830 [6.8%]), and not associated with whether or not an abdominal radiograph was performed at the initial visit.
While the study focused on healthy children, the authors noted that the overall population (6 mo-18 years) experienced a decline in AXR usage, regardless of exclusion criteria. At baseline the rate of AXR was 39.5% (1550/3926) which decreased to 20.7% (478/2311).

One interesting piece of data was showing that this intervention resulted in a sustained reduction for 12 months after the intervention observation period, which mitigates the potential influence of the Hawthorne effect.

My take: In my view, the keys to this intervention was providing individualized metrics as well as having leadership in establishing this project. The individualized metrics help physicians recognize when they are outliers and to motivate them to address this.

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Faulty Narrative with Functional Nausea Study

Posted on October 29, 2020 by gutsandgrowth

A recent study (SE Tarbell et al J Pediatr 2020 225: 109-108. Children with Functional Nausea—Comorbidities outside the Gastrointestinal Tract) highlights the frequent comorbidities in children with functional nausea. The authors have combined prospective and retrospective elements with specific questionnaires and review of the electronic medical records.

Key points:

High rates of comorbidities were noted: Abdominal pain 94%, Headache 83%, Orthostatic Intolerance 81%, Fatigue 75%, Disturbed sleep 71%, Anxiety 59%, and Constipation 57%. Other frequent findings included vomiting in 51%, Allergies 54%, , Joint Pain 46%, Hypermobility in 37%.
69.5% of subjects missed more than 10 days of school due to their symptoms.
There was extensive testing in this cohort (n=63), including 96 endoscopies, and 199 radiologic tests. In addition, 4 patients had cholecystectomies.
Among 64 EGDs, 28 were considered abnormal. The authors claim that 6 had specific findings: H pylori (n=2), polyps (n=2), celiac disease (n=1), and lactase deficiency (n=1).
- It is likely that H pylori and celiac disease could have been identified/suspected by non-invasive testing; these two findings may make a diagnosis of functional nausea more tricky.
- Lactase deficiency could be considered a normal finding.
The authors state that 32 of 59 AXRs had “moderate to severe constipation” based on stool burden

Overall, this article makes some useful points about the high rate of comorbidities with functional nausea but I disagree with some of the other discussion points.

The authors claim that “negative tests can reassure families of the absence of a more serious underlying condition.” This assertion has been disputed in other studies. In one study (A Rolfe et al. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(6):407-416 Full text: Reassurance After Diagnostic Testing With a Low Pretest Probability of Serious Disease), the authors conclude that ‘diagnostic tests for symptoms with a low risk of serious illness do little to reassure patients, decrease their anxiety, or resolve their symptoms, although the tests may reduce further primary care visits.’

The authors also have a permissive attitude regarding AXRs saying “a radiograph may validate a diagnosis of constipation.” Yet the preponderance of evidence indicates that AXRs are not needed or recommended for the diagnosis of constipation. The juxtaposition of this statement on page 107 of this issue with the next article on page 109 which details a quality improvement process of reducing abdominal radiographs to diagnose constipation in the ED is interesting. The ED physicians in the next article are trying to adhere to evidence-based guidelines; in this article, the authors correctly note that evidence “has shown abdominal radiographs to be unreliable in establishing an association between clinical symptoms of constipation and fecal load on abdominal radiographs.”

My take: Tarbell et al show that in patients with functional nausea, nausea is the tip of the symptom iceberg. Generally, radiographic and endoscopic diagnostic studies have very low yield and should be discouraged.

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Gene Replacement Therapy for Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Subacute Liver Failure

Posted on October 28, 2020 by gutsandgrowth

A recent study (AG Feldman et al. J Pediatr 2020; 225: 252-258. Subacute Liver Failure Following Gene Replacement Therapy for Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1) describes two children who developed subacute liver failure after treatment with onasemnogene (AVXS-101). This gene therapy was approved by the FDA in 2019 and more than 335 children have been treated. Both children presented about 3-8 weeks after their AVXS-101 infusion (despite steroid therapy), at 6 months of age and 20 months of age respectively, with ALT values above 1600 and INR of at least 1.5 (despite Vitamin K). Both had liver biospies and then were treated with methylprednisolone, starting at 20 mg/kg/day.

Key points:

The authors speculate that subacute liver failure was due to a systemic hyperinflammatory reaction
The authors recommend screening prior to AVXS-101 therapy with LFTs, GGT, and INR; if baseline labs are elevated, further workup is recommended (eg. A1AT, HBV, HCV, ANA, anti-SMA, anti-LKM, and ultraound)
While this reaction has been with AVXS-101, there are other gene therapies with adenovirus-vector which could trigger similar reactions
The authors note that the “package insert for onasemnogene recommends prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) should be given in the 24 hours before infusion and should be continued for 30 days after infusion.”
After infusion, it is “necessary to monitor liver tests frequently in the first 2 months”

My take: This new therapy’s risks are substantial; however, the benefits from treatment can be life-altering as well.

Anemia in IBD -NASPGHAN Position Paper

Posted on October 27, 2020 by gutsandgrowth

A Goyal et al. JPGN 2020; 71: 563-582 Full text (free). Anemia in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Position Paper by the IBD Committee of the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.

Main Types of Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease:

“IDA is the most common cause of anemia in children with IBD. True iron deficiency results from a number of factors, including chronic blood loss secondary to gastrointestinal bleeding, decreased iron absorption because of tissue or systemic inflammation and from reduced absorptive surface area. “
“Functional iron deficiency (FID) results from high levels of circulating hepcidin, which binds to and disables the iron transporter, ferroportin. Under the influence of hepcidin, ferroportin-mediated export of intracellular iron is stalled, leaving the iron trapped within the enterocytes and macrophages… the underlying inflammation, which induces hepcidin production can result in anemia secondary to FID.”
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) “occurs from various downstream pathways secondary to inflammation.”

Table 4:

Recommended Testing

Screening Tests: “initially a complete blood count (CBC), CRP, and ferritin levels should be performed. If a patient is found to be anemic, then testing should include CBC with differential, including mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular Hgb concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW), reticulocyte count, CRP, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation (TSAT)”
Serum iron level … is … unreliable in the assessment of iron deficiency as the level fluctuates with several variables.
Transferrin saturation (TSAT) is a measure of the iron content in the circulating transferrin and reflects the availability of utilizable iron

Treatment of Anemia

In mild anemia (Hgb ≥10 g/dL) and/or quiescent disease, oral iron should be tried first.
Parenteral iron is indicated when oral iron is ineffective or poorly tolerated, in patients with moderate-severe anemia and/or with active inflammation.
According to ECCO guidelines, an IV replacement goal of achieving of ferritin level of up to 400 μg/L is more likely to prevent recurrence of anemia…a transferrin saturation of 50% and serum ferritin of 800 μg/L should not be exceeded
Regarding iron effects on microbiome: studies indicate that dysbiosis at baseline worsens the unfavorable shifts in microbiome with oral iron therapy…Our position, however, is that further studies are required in humans before any reliable conclusions can be drawn. [My question: have the effects of oral iron supplementation on the microbiome been compared to IV iron supplementation on the microbiome?]
Table 6 lists various iron products including costs and dosing.
The hypersensitivity reactions to parenteral iron are mostly secondary to iron nanoparticles that trigger complement activation-related pseudo-allergy (CARPA)….It is important that parenteral iron be administered by trained personnel. Emergency medications and resuscitative equipment should be available during these infusions.

My take: This is a useful resource for a very common problem.

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Disclaimer: This blog, gutsandgrowth, assumes no responsibility for any use or operation of any method, product, instruction, concept or idea contained in the material herein or for any injury or damage to persons or property (whether products liability, negligence or otherwise) resulting from such use or operation. These blog posts are for educational purposes only. Specific dosing of medications (along with potential adverse effects) should be confirmed by prescribing physician. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, the gutsandgrowth blog cautions that independent verification should be made of diagnosis and drug dosages. The reader is solely responsible for the conduct of any suggested test or procedure. This content is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a condition

More Evidence That A Proinflammatory Diet May Increase the Risk of Crohn’s Disease

Posted on October 26, 2020 by gutsandgrowth

C-H Lo et al. Gastroenterol 2020; 159: 873-883. Full Text Link Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Risk of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

The authors used Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) scores which were calculated based on the weighted sums of 18 food groups obtained via food frequency questionnaires. n=166,903 women and 41,931 men

Key findings:

“In an analysis of 3 large prospective cohorts, we found dietary patterns with high inflammatory potential to be associated with increased risk of CD but not UC.”
- Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of cumulative average EDIP score, those in the highest quartile (highest dietary inflammatory potential) had a 51% higher risk of CD (HR 1.51; 95% CI 1.10–2.07; P_trend = .01).
There were 328 cases of CD and 428 cases of UC over 4,949,938 person-years of follow-up. The median age at IBD diagnosis was 55 years (range 29–85 years)

Discussion points:

Food groups that are associated with unfavorable EDIP scores “are characterized by calorie-dense foods high in animal proteins, saturated fats, and glycemic carbohydrates, such as red meat, refined grain, and high-energy soft drinks.”
- “Dietary patterns resembling the Western diet, characterized by higher intake of red meat, high-fat dairy, and refined grains, have been proposed to trigger the onset of intestinal inflammation by inducing changes in gut microbiome, altering host homeostasis, and regulating T-cell immune response.”
“In contrast, diets rich in fruit, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish, and poultry, resembling a more prudent and Mediterranean dietary pattern with high fiber and marine ω-3 content, may have anti-inflammatory effects.”

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Vedolizumab -Not Likely to Help Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Posted on October 25, 2020 by gutsandgrowth

A recent retrospective study (TJ Laborda et al. JPGN 2020; 71: 459-464 Vedolizumab Therapy in Children With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Data From the Pediatric Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Consortium) indicates that vedolizumab (VDZ) is unlikely to be helpful for primary sclerosing cholangits (PSC).

VDZ was initiated at median age of 16 years [IQR 15–18], 69% were male, 65% had large duct involvement, 19% had (Metavir F3/F4) fibrosis and 59% had ulcerative colitis.

Key findings:

Overall, there was a mild increase in median GGT after initiation of VDZ. Of 32 patients with abnormal GGT at baseline, 22% had a liver biochemical response (defined as GGT <50 or at least a 75% decline) after 9 to 12 months
For IBD, 32% achieved remission, 30% had a clinical response, and 38% had no response

In the discussion, the authors note that their findings are in agreement with three retrospective studies in adults which have shown that VDZ is not effective for PSC in patients with IBD.

My take: This study indicates that VDZ is not likely to help with PSC, though 62% of IBD patients had improvement in their GI disease.

Cholangitis After Kasai Procedure for Biliary Atresia

Posted on October 24, 2020 by gutsandgrowth

K Cheng et al. JPGN 2020; 71: 452-458. Cholangitis in Patients With Biliary Atresia Receiving Hepatoportoenterostomy: A National Database Study

This study, which relied on data from a pediatric database (PHIS) with 48 pediatric centers, identified 1112 subjects with biliary atresia (2004-2013).

Key findings:

Median age at time of Kasai (hepatoportoenterostomy) procedure: 63 days
Median number of admissions for cholangitis within 2 years was 2 episodes. The presence of portal hypertension (OR 2.24) and black race (OR 1.51) were associated with higher risk of cholangitis
When Kasai was performed at >90 days, this lowered the likelihood of cholangitis (OR 0.46)
With regards to those with 5 or more bouts of cholangitis, risk factors included Asian ethnicity (OR 2.66), public insurance (OR 1.72), and portal hypertension (OR 2.88)
56% of patients had portal hypertension and 15.6% had esophageal varices
Neither steroids nor ursodeoxycholic acid were found to affect patient outcome
Limitations: lack of clear definition for cholangitis diagnosis and episodes of cholangitis may not have been captured if patients received care outside the participating centers

My take: Cholangitis is a common problem following hepatoportoenterostomy. Earlier diagnosis of biliary atresia provides the best opportunity for improving long-term outcomes.

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