Monthly Archives: November 2022

Kids Are Different: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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NH Nguyen et al. Gastroenterol 2022; 163: 937-949. Open Access! Proactive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Versus Conventional Management for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Key finding:

  • On meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (8 RCTs in adults, and focusing on maintenance phase), there was no significant difference in the risk of failing to maintain clinical remission in patients who underwent proactive TDM (267/709; 38%) vs conventional management (292/696; 42%) (relative risk [RR], 0.96)

The discussion in this paper makes some important points, as there are some populations in which proactive TDM is more likely to be beneficial.

Pediatrics:

“The impact of proactive TDM in pediatric patients also merits further consideration. This concept may be particularly important in pediatrics due to the variability in size of patients, which may not be adequately addressed by weight-based dosing.33 This is especially important in younger children, where it has been shown that standard TNFα antagonist regimens and trough levels may not be applicable in this age group, and may require more frequent escalation of therapy.34,35 In the PAILOT trial, proactive TDM in children with clinical response to adalimumab was associated with higher rates of maintaining sustained corticosteroid-free clinical remission at all visits from week 8–72, compared with reactive TDM in which physicians were informed of trough concentration only after loss of response.”

Induction Dosing (Adults and Children):

“It is possible that the early measurement of biologic drug concentrations, to identify patients who may have accelerated clearance, and optimization of a subset of these patients early in the course of therapy may offer benefit.1,30 …Ongoing trials such as OPTIMIZE (NCT04835506) and TITRATE (NCT03937609) in which infliximab is optimized during the induction phase through a pharmacokinetic dashboard in patients with Crohn’s disease and acute severe ulcerative colitis will shed further light on this.”

My take: So far, studies in adults have not shown that proactive therapeutic drug monitoring has been effective in improving clinical outcomes. This may change particularly if studies focus on patients on monotherapy who are at increased risk of subtherapeutic levels. No matter what happens in adults, there is sufficient data showing that proactive therapeutic drug monitoring is essential in children. This is especially important as ‘routine” dosing of infliximab in children may be subtherapeutic in nearly 80%.

Related blog posts:

Understanding Protopathic Bias and Safety of Proton Pump Inhibitors & COVID-19 Worldwide Nadir

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C-H Lo et al. Gastroenterol 2022; 163: 852-861. Open Access! Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality

Background: “A major challenge that pharmacoepidemiologic studies often face is the susceptibility to protopathic bias. Protopathic bias occurs when a pharmaceutical agent is prescribed for an early manifestation of a disease and then appears to cause the disease when it is eventually diagnosed…Here, we used a modified lag-time approach to investigate the association between PPI use and all-cause and cause-specific mortality”

Methods: This was a prospective cohort study using data collected from the Nurses’ Health Study (2004–2018) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (2004–2018). Study participants: 50,156 women and 21,731 men followed for 831,407 person-years and a median of 13.8 years.

Key findings:

Upon applying lag times of up to 6 years, the mortality associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant:

  • All-cause mortality: HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97–1.11
  • Cancer: HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.89–1.28
  • Cardiovascular diseases: HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.81–1.10
  • Respiratory diseases: HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.95–1.50
  • Digestive diseases: HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.88–2.18

Longer duration of PPI use did not confer higher risks for all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

My take: This study provides convincing evidence that PPI use does not increase the risk of mortality. Protopathic bias can make PPI use appear to increase the risk of mortality (HR, 1.19 in this study) compared to PPI non-users. It is still a good idea to use these agents for appropriate indications and at appropriate doses.

Related blog posts:

Beached Fishing Boats Jules Achille Noel. The Art Institute of Chicago.

Disclaimer: This blog, gutsandgrowth, assumes no responsibility for any use or operation of any method, product, instruction, concept or idea contained in the material herein or for any injury or damage to persons or property (whether products liability, negligence or otherwise) resulting from such use or operation. These blog posts are for educational purposes only. Specific dosing of medications (along with potential adverse effects) should be confirmed by prescribing physician.  Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, the gutsandgrowth blog cautions that independent verification should be made of diagnosis and drug dosages. The reader is solely responsible for the conduct of any suggested test or procedure.  This content is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a condition

Also, worldwide COVID-19 deaths are at a low point since the beginning of the pandemic (both reported and estimated excess deaths).

Treatment of Refractory Celiac Symptoms with a Low FODMAP Diet

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F van Megen et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20: 2258-2266. Open Access! A Low FODMAP Diet Reduces Symptoms in Treated Celiac Patients With Ongoing Symptoms–A Randomized Controlled Trial

Methods: A randomized controlled trial was performed from 2018 to 2019 in 70 adults with biopsy-proven celiac disease. Inclusion criteria were as follows: persistent gastrointestinal symptoms defined by a Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS)–IBS version score of 30 or higher, gluten-free diet adherence for 12 months or longer, and serologic and mucosal remission. 

Key findings:

  • Compared to placebo-treated patients, there was significant improvement in pain, bloating, diarrhea and satiety, based on GSRS-IBS scores, in those assigned to a low FODMAPs diet (see below)

While this a low FODMAP diet can be helpful, the authors offer this cautionary advice:

  • “Following 2 complex diets increases the risk of inadequate nutritional intake, and patients should be followed up carefully. A low FODMAP diet should not be recommended to patients at nutritional risk or to patients at risk of developing an eating disorder.”
Figure 2 in Article

My take: Asking patients with celiac disease to further restrict their diet is akin to running the Peachtree Road Race in a fireman’s outfit. It can be done but doesn’t look like much fun.

Related blog posts:

Is Fecal Transplantation Needed To Treat Irritable Bowel? Three Year Data

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M El-Salhy et al. Gastroenterol 2022; 163: 982-994. Open Access! Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome at 3 Years After Transplantation

Background: “Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) might be a promising treatment for IBS, and this has been investigated in 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). 2 In 4 of these, FMT reduced symptoms and improved the quality of life of patients with IBS, whereas no effects were indicated in the other 3. 2 The difference in these results was likely because of differences in the protocols used, the selected donors, the cohort of treated patients, the fecal transplant dose, and the route by which the transplant was administrated.2“

Methods: In this placebo-controlled trial with 125 patients, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was administered into duodenum (30 g or 60 g). The donor was a healthy male aged 36 years with a normal body mass index who was born via vaginal delivery, breastfed, a nonsmoker, was not taking any medication, was only treated a few times with antibiotics, exercised regularly, and consumed a sport-specific diet that was richer in protein, fiber, minerals, and vitamins than the average diet.

Key findings:

  • Response rates were 26.3%, 69.1%, and 77.8% in the placebo, 30-g, and 60-g groups, respectively, at 2 years after FMT, and 27.0%, 64.9%, and 71.8%, respectively, at 3 years after FMT. 
  • Fluorescent signals of 10 bacteria had significant correlations with IBS symptoms and fatigue after FMT in the 30-g and 60-g groups.
  • No long-term adverse events were recorded. The authors note in the discussion rare serious safety issues with FMT but indicate in this population without systemic diseases or immune deficiency, that adverse effects were mild and self-limited gastrointestinal symptoms

The associated editorial (815–817, Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Using Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Step Forward?) noted that 25% of patients in the donor FMT continue to experience severe symptoms based on IBS-SSS>300; in addition, 50% (in 30 g) and 40% (in 60 g) had moderately severe IBS scores >175.

The editorial suggests that overall response is modest bust similar to FDA-approved medications for IBS. The number needed to treat (NNT) would be 4-5 patients to reduce the proportion with severe IBS-SSS based on per-protocol analysis (most IBS medications range from 6 to 10).

My take: This study strengthens the notion that alterations in our microbiome can the outcomes of patients suffering from IBS. Now, we have to identify which patients will benefit from this approach and how to optimally modify the microbiome. In addition, this study suggests that finding an optimal FMT donor will impact results given variability in prior trials.

Related blog posts:

Disclaimer: This blog, gutsandgrowth, assumes no responsibility for any use or operation of any method, product, instruction, concept or idea contained in the material herein or for any injury or damage to persons or property (whether products liability, negligence or otherwise) resulting from such use or operation. These blog posts are for educational purposes only. Specific dosing of medications (along with potential adverse effects) should be confirmed by prescribing physician.  Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, the gutsandgrowth blog cautions that independent verification should be made of diagnosis and drug dosages. The reader is solely responsible for the conduct of any suggested test or procedure.  This content is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a condition.

Updated Health Warnings Needed For Alcohol & More on COVID-19/Paxlovid

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AH Grummon, MG Hall. NEJM 2022; 387: 772-774. Updated Health Warnings for Alcohol — Informing Consumers and Reducing Harm

This article makes a compelling case that most U.S. consumers do not know the true risks of alcohol intake; this is likely in part due to the >$1 billion spent each year on marketing by the alcohol industry.

Leading causes of alcohol-related harms:

  • Fatal and nonfatal injuries resulting from acute intoxication (including injuries caused by motor vehicle crashes)
  • Chronic diseases including hypertensive heart disease, cirrhosis, pancreatitis and several types of cancer.2 Even light or moderate drinking increases the risk of these conditions, particularly cancer (eg. breast, colon, and stomach)2
  • Risks during pregnancy include miscarriage, preterm birth, and fetal alcohol syndrome (these risks are not specifically addressed in this commentary)
  • Also not noted in this article, alcohol is considered a major contributor to violence, including intimate partner violence

Key points –Scope of Problem and Informing Consumers:

  • “In April 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released new mortality statistics showing that alcohol consumption now accounts for more than 140,000 deaths per year in the United States, or more than 380 deaths per day. The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated alcohol-associated harm in the United States, with alcohol-related deaths increasing by 25% during the first year of the pandemic as compared with the previous year”(White AM, Castle IP, Powell PA, Hingson RW, Koob GF. Alcohol-related deaths during the Covid-19 pandemic. JAMA 2022;327:1704-1706).
  • “A national survey of U.S. adults, for example, found that nearly 70% are unaware that alcohol consumption increases the risk of cancer.3…Some alcohol companies even seek to link their products to health campaigns. Several companies, for example, have sold seasonal, pink ribbon–themed alcoholic drinks during October to promote their efforts to raise funds for breast-cancer research — despite compelling evidence that alcohol increases the risk of developing breast cancer.”
  • The authors advocate for better warning labels. They argue that “updated alcohol warnings would provide new risk information to many Americans, … implementing such warnings would be a sensible policy for addressing industry dominance over alcohol-related information, even if warnings’ effects on consumption are fairly small.”

Related article: NBC News 11/4/22: Alcohol deaths spiked among middle-aged adults, especially women, during pandemic “Alcohol-related deaths rose by 26% from 2019 to 2020, a new report published Friday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention finds.”

Related blog post:

More on COVID-19:

Eric Topol: Paxlovid and Long Covid This in-depth article reviews the benefits of paxlovid (early) and later, including the reduction of Long Covid in 26% in a recent study. It also provides a table for potential drug interactions (Thanks to Jeff Lewis for sharing).

This recent study is reviewed in NY Times (11/7/22): Paxlovid May Reduce Risk of Long Covid in Eligible Patients, Study Finds

Leaning Tower of Niles (1934) (near Chicago, IL). The “Papa Chris Place” sign should help distinguish this landmark for the one in Pisa.

IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein Purpura)

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CD Lee et al. NEJM 2022; 387: 833-838. Telescoping the Diagnostic Process

This clinical problem-solving case:  “3-year-old boy was brought to the hospital with a 4-day history of vomiting and abdominal pain in the left lower quadrant. He had associated chills without fever, nonbloody and nonbilious emesis, constipation, reduced urinary output, and a decreased activity level.” He developed a rash more than 5 days after presentation.

This turns out to be a good review of IgA Vasculitis (HSP).

A few excerpts:

IgA vasculitis is the most common vasculitis of childhood.1 The disease is classified as a small-vessel vasculitis and most commonly affects White and Asian children, with a slight male predominance. It results from the deposition of IgA immune complexes in involved organ systems and is preceded by infection in most patients.2 This is perhaps unsurprising given the primary function of IgA in mucosal immunity. The most commonly implicated organism is group A β-hemolytic streptococcus.1

IgA vasculitis primarily involves the skin, gastrointestinal tract, joints, and kidneys, with involvement in 95%, 70%, 70 to 90%, and 40 to 50% of cases, respectively, in case series3; other data suggest that kidney involvement is even more common, with microhematuria present in the majority of patients.4 Less common manifestations include orchitis (in 14% of male patients) and, in rare cases, central nervous system involvement.3 Skin involvement is almost universal; a petechial or purpuric rash in dependent areas (typically the buttocks and lower legs) is the classic manifestation, but other skin manifestations, including bullae, edema, and necrosis, can be seen.1,3 

IgA vasculitis affecting the gastrointestinal tract can manifest as upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Bowel edema can create a lead point, causing intussusception in up to 3% of patients, as occurred in our patient.1 …In the majority of cases, the rash precedes the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms; our patient was among the minority (approximately 25%) of patients in whom this order is reversed.5 Rare gastrointestinal complications include bowel infarction, perforation, strictures, and protein-losing enteropathy.2,5

Related blog post: Henoch-Schonlein Purpura and Neurologic Manifestations

Non-blanching petechiae

Downside on Healthcare Transparency

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NY Times (10/3/22): Your Medical Test Results Are Available. But Do You Want to View Them?

An excerpt:

“A provision in the 21st Century Cures Act, a federal law ….requires all medical testing centers to release results to patients “without delay.” In practice, this means that doctors and patients often receive results simultaneously — and some patients are seeing them before their doctors have a chance to look…

Its intention was to bring health care into the modern era. And the provision has successfully given patients easy access to their medical records, empowering them to play a more active role in their care by eliminating the doctor as gatekeeper.

But it has also led to experiences … in which patients are confronted with material they never wanted to see. Some have learned about life-altering diagnoses and developments — from cancer to chronic illness to miscarriage — through emails and online portals, left to process the information alone…

When difficult, life-changing information is delivered in this way, “it cuts off any opportunity for doctors to get ahead of things,” said Dr. Emily Porter, an emergency room and sexual health physician in Austin, Texas, who has criticized the policy on social media.”

My take: I would prefer that physicians have a short period (~24 hrs) to see test results so that we can inform families and provide context. Currently, at times, I get panicked messages through MyChart from families regarding results, even in cases in which the results are fine.

Related blog posts:

Little O’Malley Trail. Anchorage, AK. Denal which is ~180 miles away is visible.

Semaglutide in Adolescent Obesity

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D Weghuber et al NEJM 2022; DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2208601. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity

Methods: In this double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we enrolled 201 adolescents (12 to <18 years of age) with obesity (a body-mass index [BMI] in the 95th percentile or higher) or with overweight (a BMI in the 85th percentile or higher) and at least one weight-related coexisting condition.  180 (90%) completed treatment. Participants were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide (at a dose of 2.4 mg) or placebo for 68 weeks, plus lifestyle intervention.

Key findings:

  • The mean change in BMI from baseline to week 68 was −16.1% with semaglutide and 0.6% with placebo
  • At week 68, a total of 95 of 131 participants (73%) in the semaglutide group had weight loss of 5% or more, as compared with 11 of 62 participants (18%) in the placebo group
  • Improvement with respect to cardiometabolic risk factors (waist circumference and levels of glycated hemoglobin, lipids [except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol], and alanine aminotransferase) were greater with semaglutide than with placebo
  • “The safety of semaglutide in this adolescent population appeared to be consistent with findings among adults with overweight or obesity… Gastrointestinal disorders (primarily nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) were the most frequent adverse events with semaglutide (occurring in 62% of participants, as compared with 42% in the placebo group) and were generally mild or moderate in severity and of short duration (median duration, 2 to 3 days for nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in the semaglutide group)”
  • “Permanent discontinuations because of gastrointestinal disorders were very low. Furthermore, semaglutide did not appear to affect growth or pubertal development during the trial period”

My take: As in adults, treatment with semaglutide results in weight loss.

Related blog posts:

AGA Guidelines for Adults with Obesity

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AGA released new evidence-based guidelines strongly recommending patients with obesity use recently approved medications paired with lifestyle changes.

The following medications, paired with healthy eating and regular physical activity, are first-line medical options and result in moderate weight loss as noted as a percentage of body weight (reported as the difference compared to percent weight loss observed in the placebo group).

  1. Semaglutide (Wegovy®), weight loss percentage: 10.8%
  2. Phentermine-topiramate ER (Qsymia®), weight loss percentage: 8.5%
  3. Liraglutide (Saxenda®), weight loss percentage: 4.8%
  4. Naltrexone-Bupropion ER (Contrave®), weight loss percentage: 3.0%

Read the AGA Clinical Guidelines on Pharmacological Interventions for Adults with Obesity for the complete recommendations.

Therapeutic Endoscopy Rarely Beneficial in Infants with Gastrointestinal Bleeding

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P Bose et al. JPGN 2022; 75: 514-520. Endoscopy in Infants With Gastrointestinal Bleeding Has Limited Diagnostic or Therapeutic Benefit

I read this article shortly after convincing a surgical colleague to explore a well-appearing 6 month old with gastrointestinal bleeding for a Meckel’s diverticulum rather than undergo endoscopy.

In this retrospective cohort study of hospitalized infants (n=56, =/< 12 months) with gastrointestinal bleeding, the authors reviewed endoscopic procedures (EGD, Colonoscopy, Flexible Sigmoidoscopy) with respect to identifying diagnosis and in terms of outcomes.

Key points:

  • Seven endoscopies identified sources of GIB: gastric ulcers, a duodenal ulcer, gastric angiodysplasia, esophageal varices, and an anastomotic ulcer.
  • Intervention for bleeding control occurred in just 3 cases (5.4%); two of these had liver disease.
  • Most (55%) had no abnormalities on endoscopy
  • The authors detail two fatal cases in which GIB started in the first week of life. Both had complications occurring within 3 hours of endoscopy, one with a gastric perforation and one with necrotizing enterocolitis.

My take: Endoscopy in infants with GIB is rarely beneficial. Supportive care and surgical interventions should be considered, especially in those without underlying liver disease.

Related blog posts:

Savage Alpine Trail at Denali National Park. Parts of Denali can be seen in the background

Disclaimer: This blog, gutsandgrowth, assumes no responsibility for any use or operation of any method, product, instruction, concept or idea contained in the material herein or for any injury or damage to persons or property (whether products liability, negligence or otherwise) resulting from such use or operation. These blog posts are for educational purposes only. Specific dosing of medications (along with potential adverse effects) should be confirmed by prescribing physician.  Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, the gutsandgrowth blog cautions that independent verification should be made of diagnosis and drug dosages. The reader is solely responsible for the conduct of any suggested test or procedure.  This content is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a condition.