Category Archives: Pediatric Gastroenterology Intestinal Disorder

Use of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Primary Clostridium difficile Infection

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A recent letter (FE Juul et al. NEJM 2018; 378: 2535-6) describes the results of a small study in which fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) (n=9) was compared with metronidazole (n=11) for primary treatment of Clostridium dificille infection. The primary end point was clinical cure (firm stool consistency ≤3 BMs/day) and no evidence of recurrent C diff infeciton.

Key findings:

  • In C diff group, 5 had full primary response and an additional 3 had full response after additional antibiotics which were added in in three of the four without primary response by day 4. By day 70, 7 of 9 (78%) had full response.
  • In metronidazole group, five had full primary response.  By day 70, only five of eleven (45%) had full response.

My take: It would probably be better to compare FMT to either vancomycin of fidaxomin  (rather than metronidazole) for primary treatment.  Until more data are available, this study does not change clinical practice of using antimicrobials for C diff as primary treatment.

Lessons in Diarrhea (part 2)

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More from the following: JR Thiagarajah et al. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 2045-59. (Senior authors/corresponding authors: Yaron Avitzur and Martin Martin).  This article provides an excellent review of persistent infantile diarrhea and provides algorithms to help in the evaluation of these disorders.  These algorithms incorporate the role of exome sequencing.

The authors divide infants with watery diarrhea/CODEs into five categories -detailed in their Table 2 which also has OMIM #, inheritance pattern, gene name, protein function:

#1 Epithelial nutrient/electrolyte transport:

  • congenital chloride
  • congenital sodium
  • glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM)
  • primary bile acid diarrhea
  • acrodermatitis enteropathica

#2 Epithelial enzymes and metabolism

  • Congenital lactase deficiency
  • Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
  • Trehalase deficiency
  • Enterokinase deficiency
  • DGAT1 deficiency
  • PLVAP deficiency
  • Abetalipoproteinemia
  • Hypobetalipoproteinemia
  • Chylomicron retention disease
  • Dyskeratosis congenita
  • Kabuki syndrome

#3 Epithelial trafficking and polarity

  • Microvillus inclusion disease
  • Tufting enteropathy
  • Syndromic Na diarrhea
  • Trichohepatoenteric syndrome 1 & 2
  • Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 5
  • TTC7A deficiency

#4 Enteroendocrine cell dysfunction

  • Enteric anendocrinosis
  • X-linked lissencephaly and MR
  • Proproteint convertase 1/3 deficiency
  • Mitchell-Riley syndrome

#5 Immune dysregulation-associated enteropathy (partial list)

  • IPEX
  • ICOS deficiency
  • ADAM17 deficiency
  • EGFR deficiency
  • CD55 deficiency
  • CTLA4 deficiency
  • LRBA deficiency
  • XIAP

So, to tackle this long list the authors recommend combining typical clinical evaluation along with early genetic evaluation.

Clinical evaluation of watery diarrhea:

  • Early endoscopic biopsy (EGD/Flex sig) -obtain samples for routine histology and for electron microscopy.  Disaccharidase evaluation can be helpful; though, “these enzymatic assays are often unreliable due to poor sampling or in the setting of inflammation or villus atrophy due to secondary disaccharidase deficiency.”
  • If normal villus/crypt architecture, the next step is determining whether the diarrhea improves with fasting. This could indicate GGM, sucrase-isomaltase, congenital lactase deficiency or enteroendocrine cell loss.  The first three can be elucidated by offering specific dietary challenges using either a feeding trial with carbohydrate-free or fructose-based formula.
  • If normal villus/crypt architecture, and if the diarrhea does not improve with dietary manipulation, consider congenital chloride diarrhea, congenital sodium diarrhea, primary bile acid mediated diarrhea, and hormone-induced diarrhea.
  • If normal villus/crypt architecture, and there is hypoalbuminemia/PLE, consider DGAT1 deficiency, CD55 deficiency, and lymphangiectasia.
  • If abnormal villus/crypt architecture, then this is likely either a postinfectious/autoimmune disorder or due to an epithelial structural defect like tufting enteropathy, microvillus inclusion disease, TTC7A deficiency or SKIV2L defect

When one looks at the magnitude of disorders that could result in CODEs and their potential clinical importance, it is not surprising that the authors state emphatically:

“In cases of a suspected CODE, where the diagnosis based on clinical evaluation is unclear, it is now standard of care to perform whole-exome sequencing to identify a possible causative genetic mutation.”

My take: This article provides a great deal of information in tackling a difficult problem.

Related blog posts:

Disclaimer: These blog posts are for educational purposes only. Specific dosing of medications (along with potential adverse effects) should be confirmed by prescribing physician.  This content is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a condition.

Little Talbot State Park (near Amelia Island)

Lessons in Diarrhea (part 1)

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One of the most influential medical articles that I’ve read this year: JR Thiagarajah et al. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 2045-59. (Senior authors/corresponding authors: Yaron Avitzur and Martin Martin).  This article provides an excellent review of the terminology and provides algorithms to help in the evaluation of chronic diarrhea in infants.  These algorithms incorporate the role of exome sequencing.

The first part of this review focuses on terminology:

  • For those with persistent and severe diarrhea that is not due to an acquired short bowel syndrome (eg. from necrotizing enterocolitis, gastroschisis, or volvulus), the authors use the term congenital diarrhea and enteropathies (CODEs).  They suggest using CODEs in place of intractable or protracted diarrhea of infancy.
  • Instead of osmotic diarrhea, the authors prefer diet-induced diarrhea since all diarrhea involves osmotic forces.  Typically, with this type of diarrhea, stool osmotic gap is >100 mOsm.
  • Secretory diarrhea “is also imprecise…We prefer to use the term electrolyte-transport-related diarrhea” (eg. congenital sodium or congenital chloride diarrhea)

Key points:

  • Most acquired diarrhea is related to infectious agents and to allergic disorders. Though, persistent diarrhea after an infection could be an early sign of a primary immunodeficiency.
  • Stool osmotic gap: = 290 – 2 x (Stool Na + Stool K).  Osmotic gap >100 mOsm is high, <50 mOsm is low.
  • Stool osmolality in almost all cases is isomolar to serum (~290).  If there is suspicion of improper collection or tampering, then this can provide objective evidence of this.
  • Reducing substances >0.5% indicates malabsorption of monosaccharides. Low pH (<5.3) is indicative of carbohydrate malabsorption (due to abundance of short-chain fatty acids that are products of fermentation)
  • Elastase is “unchanged by intestinal proteases and if low can imply pancreatic insufficiency.”  Falsely-low values can occur due to dilution in high-volume diarrhea.
  • Alpha-one-antitrypsin is largely resistant to intestinal proteases and elevation indicates excess enteric protein loss (eg. protein-losing enteropathy)

Diagnostic evaluation:

  • See figure 1 in review.  Initial evaluation after exclusion of acquired diarrheas (eg infection/allergic): History, Blood tests (CBC, CMP, CRP, ESR, IgG, lipid panel), Stool tests (electrolytes, reducing substances, elastase, fecal fat, A1AT, pH, calprotectin/lactoferrin).
  • Determining stool output may require a “urine catheter for a few days” for accuracy and help elucidate the effect of fasting on stool output.
  • Figure 2 divides evaluation based on type of diarrhea: watery, fatty, and bloody.
  • Fatty diarrhea may be due to pancreatic insufficiency, abetalipoproteinemia and chylomicron retention disease.  The latter two disorders typically are indicated by fat-laden enterocytes in histologic sections
  • Bloody diarrhea “should precipitate investigation for very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune enteropathy, or primary immunodeficiency”
  • Watery diarrhea –see tomorrow’s post.  Before undergoing extensive evaluation, the authors recommend obtaining an UGI/SBFT to exclude congenital short bowel syndrome.

My take: after initial exclusion of common causes for diarrhea in infancy, early endoscopy is needed along with early use of genetic testing.

Related blog posts:

Disclaimer: These blog posts are for educational purposes only. Specific dosing of medications (along with potential adverse effects) should be confirmed by prescribing physician.  This content is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a condition.

Little Talbot State Park

 

Creatine Kinase Levels Often Increased with Infliximab

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E Theodoraki et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24: 1266-71.  This study with 82 infliximab-treated patients with a mean age of 44 years found elevated CK levels (>180 U/L) in 30.5%, compared with 11% of control group (IBD patients not receiving biologic therapy).  The median CK value in the IFX group was 123.5 U/L compared with 81 U/L in the control group (P<0.0001). All patients had at least 3 CK measurements.  The authors recommend: “Based on our results, we recommend monitoring CK levels and clinical symptoms of muscle pain and weakness in IBD patients on IFX treatment.”

In the associated commentary (pg 1272-3), the authors note that CK is found in mitochondria, mainly in cardiac muscle, brain, skeletal muscle and other visceral tissues. The 2 subunits may create 3 isoenzymes: CK-MB (myocardium), CK-MM (skeletal muscle), and CK-BB (neurons).  CK can be elevated in health and disease but “in the absence of symptoms, usually do not require any further investigations.” In a small number of individuals, elevated CK can be due to macro-CK (macrocretin) due to measurement difficulties with macroenzymes.

My take: This study suggests that elevated CK levels are common in adults receiving IFX and to avoid overreaction.

Sunrise at Amelia Island

“The Fruit Juice Delusion”

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From NY Times: The Fruit Juice Delusion

A recent commentary revisits the common misconception of fruit juice being healthy.

Key points:

  • “Americans drink a lot of juice…children consume on average 10 ounces per day, more than twice the amount recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics.”
  • “One 12-ounce glass of orange juice contains 10 teaspoons of sugar.”
  • Eating whole fruit is “associated with a reduced risk of diabetes, drinking fruit juice is associated with the opposite.”
  • “Juice may also be a ‘gateway beverage’–[to drink] more soda in their school-age years
  • “There is no evidence that juice improves health…Parents should instead serve water and focus on trying to increase children’s intake of whole fruit.”

My take (borrowed from authors): “we have succeeded in recognizing the harm of sugary beverages like soda. We can’t keep pretending that juice is different.”

Related blog posts:

 

IBD Shorts July 2018

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DJ Gracie et al. Gastroenterol 2018; 154: 1635-46. This study of 405 adults indicated that IBD triggers anxiety and that anxiety triggers IBD. Specifically: “Baseline CD or UC disease activity were associated with an almost 6-fold increase in risk for a later abnormal anxiety score (hazard ratio [HR], 5.77; 95% CI, 1.89-17.7).  In patients with quiescent IBD at baseline, baseline abnormal anxiety scores were associated with later need for glucocorticosteroid prescription or flare of IBD activity (HR 2.08; 95% CI, 1.31-3.30).”

RL Dalal, B Shen, DA Schwartz. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24: 989-96.  This review provides updated information on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations for pouchitis.

A Alper et al. JPGN 2018; 66: 934-6. Key finding: Celiac disease is “not increased in children with IBD compared with non-IBD children with gastrointestinal symptoms.”  False-positive tTG serology can occur.

AK Shaikhkhalil et al. JPGN 2018; 66: 909-14. The authors showed that using a quality-improvement effort, there was increase utilization of enteral exclusive therapy (EEN).  Baseline 5.was <5% and by completion of intervention, utilization increased to approximately 50%. The interventions to achieve this are specified in this article, including talking points.  EEN is described as “nutrition therapy.” Patients are offered oral EEN and if not adequate by 3-4 days, nasogastric feedings are initiated (~15%).  Interestingly, of those to complete EEN therapy, 97% did not need NG placement.

Pictures from Ameilia Island:

Amelia Island

ICN Travel Toolkit -Tips for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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ImproveCareNow’s Patient Advisory Committee: ICN Travel Toolkit – a collection of personal stories, plus tips and techniques for traveling with IBD – written by members of the ICN Patient Advisory Council (PAC).

In addition to the tips offered by the PAC (see below), I would recommend that those travelling keep a succinct medical summary with the following (minimum):

  • Diagnosis and extent of disease
  • Other medical problems
  • Physician (contact info)
  • Allergies –food/medicines
  • Current list of medications including dosage and frequency
  • List of prior treatments
  • Previous surgeries

Also, below are other travel -related links, including to the CDC travel website which makes recommendations based on travel destination along with underlying problems.

A summary of the ICN travel tips from the PAC PowerPoint Presentation:

 

 

Fluid Management for Abdominal Surgery

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A recent study (PS Myles et al. NEJM 2018; 378: 2263-74, editorial 2335-6) throws some shade on the idea that restricting IV fluids during surgery results in better outcomes.

With ERAS (enhanced recovery after surgery) procedures, one of the components has been restricting IV fluids during surgery due to concerns that excessive fluid will result in bowel wall edema and slower recovery.  To better determine if a restrictive IV fluid approach or a more liberal approach was better, this RELIEF study randomized approximately 3000 patients who were receiving major abdominal surgery into two arms: a restrictive group and a  liberal group; they received a median of 3.7 liters of IV fluids and 6.1 liters respectively during and up to 24 hours after surgery.

Key findings:

  • Rate of disability-free survival at 1 year was 81.9% in the restrictive group and 82.3% in the liberal group (hazard ratio for death or disability was 1.05, CI 0.88-1.24, P=0.61)
  • Rate of acute kidney injury was 8.6% in the restrictive fluid group compared to 5.0% in the liberal fluid group (P<0.001). Renal replacement therapy was 0.9% in the restrictive fluid group compared to 0.3% in the liberal fluid group (P=0.048).
  • Rates of surgical site infection was 16.5% in the restrictive fluid group compared to 13.6% in the liberal fluid group (P=0.02).  The authors speculate that this could be related to perfusion of surgical anastomosis.

The associated commentary notes that in this age of minimally invasive surgery, a modestly liberal administration of IV fluids does not create substantial fluid retention.

My take: Restrictive fluid regimen during major abdominal surgery resulted in higher rates of kidney injury and surgical site infections.  This study indicates that for ‘enhanced recovery’ that a more liberal fluid regimen is safer.

Related posts:

 

 

Pediatric Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction: Consensus Recommendations

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A new report from an ESPGHAN-Led Expert Group (N Thapar et al. JPGN 2018; 66: 9991-1019) provides detailed recommendations for pediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction (PIPO).  In addition, this report serves as an excellent self-assessment of your vision.  If you can read figure 1, which has some incredibly tiny font size, then your vision is fantastic.

Full Link: “Paediatric Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction: Evidence and Consensus-based Recommendations From an ESPGHAN -Led Expert Group”

Aside from that snarky comment, the report offers a great deal of useful advice.

  • After obstruction has been excluded, the authors recommend that patients should undergo a basic laboratory evaluation (including CBC, CMP, ESR/CRP, Celiac serology, Cortisol, Thyroid testing, Metabolic tests [urine organic acids, ammonia, lactate]) and to consider more extensive evaluation.
  • If primary, rather than secondary, PIPO is suspected, the authors recommend neurogastroenterology evaluation.

Subsequently, the authors review management: potential medications (Table 6), enteral feeds, gastrostomy and ileostomy, and in more than 80% then need for parenteral nutrition. At the time of therapeutic procedures, it is recommended to obtain full-thickness biopsies to further characterize the PIPO.

Clinical features which distinguish pediatric chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) from adult CIPO are listed in Table 2. These include the following:

  • Frequent urologic involvement in pediatric CIPO which is rare in adults with CIPO.
  • Dilated bowel loops are commonly absent (~40%) in pediatric CIPO in the neonatal period and universal in adult cases.
  • Unlike in adults, there is a high risk of colonic and small bowel volvulus in pediatric CIPO and malrotation is evident in ~30% of pediatric CIPO (rarely seen in adults).
  • Also, in pediatrics, fabricated cases are more commonly encountered.

Intestinal transplantation should be considered in patients with PIPO who develop life-threatening complications associated with TPN or poor quality of life/high morbidity.

Pictures below from yesterday’s Peachtree Road Race and previous T-shirts from previous years.

 

Disclaimer: These blog posts are for educational purposes only. Specific dosing of medications/diets (along with potential adverse effects) should be confirmed by prescribing physician/nutritionist.  This content is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a condition.