Category Archives: Pediatric Gastroenterology Intestinal Disorder

Guideline Links: Infant Cholestasis and Esophageal Atresia-Tracheoesophageal fistula

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One way that I use this blog is to use the search function for previous posts with useful links.  For example, I know if I search “foreign” that I will come across a post that has a summary as well as a link to the NASPGHAN recommendations on Foreign Bodies (Foreign Bodies in Children -Expert Guidance).

This post has two links :

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oneboatcostamaya

 

Picture Quiz: Intestinal Cause of Edema

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Link to full text from AGA twitter feed:  A Rare Cause of Generalized Edema

Background: “A 19-year-old boy presented to our hospital because of a 6-month history of progressive dyspnea and generalized edema. He developed cough, abdominal fullness, diarrhea, and leg edema 5 years ago. Liver cirrhosis was suspected at that time…Chest radiography showed bilateral pleural effusions (Figure A). Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated large amount of ascites (Figure B). … Subsequently, antegrade double-balloon enteroscopy …demonstrated nodular mucosal lesions with a milk-like surface in the duodenum (Figure C). Moreover, snow flake appearance of mucosa was found in the jejunum and proximal ileum (Figure D). However, a normal appearance of mucosa was identified in the middle ileum (Figure E).”

The Answer: 

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“Histologic examination shows chronic inflammation of the ileum characterized by increased lymphoplasma cell infiltration of lamina propria without malignancy. Moreover, marked dilatation of lymphatic ducts that involved the mucosa was identified (Figure F)… a diagnosis of primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL) was made.

Orphan Drugs –Very Profitable

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Did you know that Remicade and Humira are orphan drugs?  For those concerned about pharmaceutical costs, a recent NPR article is a must.

From NPR: Drugs For Rare Diseases Have Become Uncommonly Rich Monopolies

Here’s an excerpt:

Lucrative financial incentives created by the Orphan Drug Act signed into law by President Reagan in 1983 succeeded far beyond anyone’s expectations. More than 200 companies have brought almost 450 so-called orphan drugs to market since the law took effect.

Yet a Kaiser Health News investigation shows that the system intended to help desperate patients is being manipulated by drugmakers to maximize profits and to protect niche markets for medicines already being taken by millions. The companies aren’t breaking the law but they are using the Orphan Drug Act to their advantage in ways that its architects say they didn’t foresee or intend. Today, many orphan medicines, originally developed to treat diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 people, come with astronomical price tags…

More than 70 were drugs first approved by the Food and Drug Administration for mass market use. These medicines, some with familiar brand names, were later approved as orphans. In each case, their manufacturers received millions of dollars in government incentives plus seven years of exclusive rights to treat that rare disease, or a monopoly…

When a drugmaker wins approval of a medicine for an orphan disease, the company gets seven years of exclusive rights to the marketplace, which means the FDA won’t approve another version to treat that rare disease for seven years, even if the brand name company’s patent has run out. The exclusivity is compensation for developing a drug designed for a small number of patients whose total sales weren’t expected to be that profitable…

Industry-wide, orphan drug tax credits cost the federal government $1.76 billion in fiscal 2016

My take: Any objective observer would recognize that the goals of the Orphan Drug Act are being subverted by current practice and changes are needed to achieve the goals of targeting rare diseases and reasonable medication costs.

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Cystic Fibrosis Expert Update 2017

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During one of our recent group clinical meetings, one of my partners (Edith Pilzer, MD) presented an update on cystic fibrosis.

Here is a link to her slides:Link: cf-presentation

Here are a few of my notes:

There has been a great improvement in survival of cystic fibrosis patients..  From the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation:

  • ” Today the median predicted survival age is close to 40. This is a dramatic improvement from the 1950s, when a child with CF rarely lived long enough to attend elementary school.”

cftr2org  —website provide information on specific genotypes, including whether genotype is associated with pancreatic insufficiency

From the website:

  • This website provides information for members of the general public, including cystic fibrosis patients and their family members, about what is currently known about specific genetic variants related to cystic fibrosis.
  • Patients and their family members are encouraged to visit the section, “For patients and family members” first.
  • This website also provides more in-depth research-related information for health care professionals and researchers

Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) (see slides)

  • Creon 3000 beads are small enough to go through Gastrostomy tube
  • Pertzye has bicarbonate; thus, additional acid blocker administration is usually not needed
  • Viokase is hard to obtain
  • Relizorb –external lipase cartiledge.  This allows formula, delivered by NG, to run through column and obviates the need for additional PERT dosing.  One cartridge designed for 500 cc but several cartridges can be ‘piggy-backed.’ Here is website: relizorb.com.  Relizorb intent is to eliminate enzymes for night feeds, though it only has lipase; yet, there still could be a need additional PERT for protease and amylase.  Potentially PERT could be administered before or after and hopefully avoid awakening at night for enzymes..

Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD)

  • Frequent reason for poor growth
  • Now, with increased survival, ~35% of Cystic Fibrosis patients develop CFRD

Distal Intestinal Obstruction Syndrome (DIOS)

  • If mild, treatment with miralax is reasonable
  • If vomiting, consider surgery consult
  • If more than mild, consider water-soluble enema with 10% mucomyst

My take: Great update.  Edith has been taking care of children with cystic fibrosis for more than 30 years and has witnessed/participated in the improvement in the survival of these patients.

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Disclaimer: These blog posts are for educational purposes only. Specific dosing of medications (along with potential adverse effects) should be confirmed by prescribing physician.  This content is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a condition.

 

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico

Constipation Video from Primary Children’s Hospital

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This is a really good educational video (< 8min) -now on YouTube: Constipation in Children: Understanding and Treating This Common Problem (Thanks to John Pohl’s twitter feed for this resource)

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Cost Effectiveness & Underpowered Studies

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A recent study (ALT Ma et al. J Pediatr 2016; 179: 216-8) reaches a conclusion that questions the cost-effectiveness of pretreatment TPMT activity in pediatric patients. In my opinion, this retrospective study is ridiculous. Here’s why:

The authors examined thiopurine transmethyltransferase (TPMT level) in 228 children before starting a thiopurine. They found the following:

  • Only 2 patients experienced mild neutropenia
  • 12% of their cohort had intermediate activity and 88% normal TPMT activity

I agree with their conclusion that routine blood tests are needed following institution of thiopurines, I think stating that “from an economic point of view –the cost for testing TPMT enzyme activity was high without major clinical benefit” cannot be made with such a small study.  Deficient TPMT activity occurs in about 1 in 300.  If a single patient develops bone marrow suppression due to a thiopurine medication, this can lead to a horrific and prolonged hospitalization.  The cost of such a hospitalization, both economically and emotionally, is enormous.

My take: If I were taking a thiopurine, I would want to know if I metabolized this medication at a slower rate and was at increased risk for bone marrow suppression.  My hunch is the authors would not forgo checking a TPMT level on themselves despite their study’s conclusion, particularly if they have ever witnessed a patient with thiopurine-induced bone marrow suppression.

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Grand Prismatic Spriing, Yellowstone

Grand Prismatic Spriing, Yellowstone

Role of Biosimilars in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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A cautionary note on biosimilars has been discussed in a recent review (DT Rubin et al. Gastroenterol & Hepatol 2016; 12: 741-51)

In the recently completed NOR-SWITCH study presented at the United European Gastroenterology Week 2016 meeting, “a total of 481 patients were recruited across 40 centers: all patients had been on stable treatment with the originator infliximab for at least 6 months…When looking specifically at IBD patients, disease worsening was noted in 21.2% of originator infliximab-treated patients and 36.5% of CT-P13-treated Crohn’s disease patients (n=155).”  The 15% difference did not reach statistical significance, but is concerning.  The authors state that “subtle postranslational modifications unique to the biosimilars may be sufficient to lead to antidrug antibody formation with associated loss of response.  Also, it is noted that this study did not include endoscopic evaluation.

The authors note that therapeutic monitoring worked with biosimilar product using available infliximab assays.

My take: We still have a lot to learn.  The preliminary message, until more studies are available, indicate that switching stable patients could increase risk of losing response.

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Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico

Standardizing the Care of Children Receiving Chronic Glucocorticoid Therapy

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A recent study (ML Basiaga et al. J Pediatr 2016; 179: 226-32) highlights the large variation in care for 701 children receiving  steroids (for at least 15 days) at a leading children’s hospital (CHOP).  I think, given the fact that this is a retrospective study and the huge variation in steroid exposure, the message regarding variation should not be taken that seriously.  But, the article does suggest that in children with chronic glucocorticoid therapy, several measures should be considered:

  • Bone health -particularly Vitamin D (25-OH) levels
  • Immunity -particularly assuring pneumococcal and influenza vaccines
  • Lipid screening
  • Stress steroid plan.  The authors indicate that the endocrinology society recommendations have included instructing parents in intramuscular hydrocortisone in case of vomiting or severe stress.

My take: Having a standard approach to an at-risk group makes sense, however, “whether implementation of preventive care guidelines improves outcomes in children” is not known.

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