Deprescribing Initiative

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A recent article (Gastroenterol & Endoscopy News, October 2017; 64-66) described an effort to reduce the problem of “polypharmacy.”  While this is clearly a problem for adult medicine, increasingly, this is an issue with pediatrics as well.

Key points:

  • In 2015, 35.8% of adults were taking at least 5 medications (JAMA 2016; 176: 473-82)
  • More medications increase the risk of adverse events, drug interactions, and costs
  • The deprescribing initiative (http://deprescribing.org/) encourages active review of medications and removing those with questionable risk-benefit trade-off
  • If stopping medicines, generally remove one at a time

 

Silymarin for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

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A recent study (CW Kheong et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 1940-9) examined the use of silymarin (milk thistle) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Patients (n=49) who were assigned to silymarin received 700 mg three times a day for 48 weeks; there were 50 patients assigned to placebo..

Key findings: 

  • Silymarin did not significantly improve the primary outcome of achieving a lower NAS score by 30% or more; this occurred in 32.7% of the silymarin group vs. 26.0% in the placebo group.
  • Reduction in fibrosis was noted in the silymarin group (histology drop by 1 point or more): 22.4% compared to 6.0% in the placebo group.

Silymarin has many potential beneficial properties: anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-viral, and metabolic functions.

My take: Given the safety of silymarin, if these findings can be confirmed in a larger trial, it would be an exciting advance in the field of fatty liver disease which has no proven pharmacologic therapies.

Related blog post:

 

Grand Canyon Basin

Why Stomach Pain Improves in the Summer

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A recent small study (published online: KL Pollard et al. JPGN  doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001886) indicates that the well-recognized phenomenon of improvement in functional abdominal pain during the summer months is associated with lower anxiety.  Here is a link to abstract: Seasonal Association of Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders and Anxiety

Excerpt:

Results:

In a sample of 34 participants who completed both questionnaires, 22 reported improvements during the summer months. These participants reported a significantly higher seasonal decrease in anxiety than participants whose children’s symptoms did not improve from spring to summer (mean decrease 2.21 vs 0.08, P = 0.017). Both groups reported equal improvements in sleep and decreased stress from spring to summer. Neither group experienced statistically significant seasonal change in physical activity or fruit, vegetables, dairy, or caffeine consumption.

Conclusions:

This study suggests that amelioration of gastrointestinal symptoms in pediatric patients with AP-FGID during summer months is associated with amelioration of anxiety in the same time period. It is not yet clear whether decreased anxiety is the cause or effect of decreased AP-FGID symptom

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Deaths and Morbidity from Childbirth –U.S. with Highest Rate in the Industrialized World

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Previously the issue of maternal mortality has been discussed on this blog: Take Two: Mushroom poisoning and maternal death with childbirth

An update on this topic from NPR: Full Link  Nearly Dying In Childbirth: Why Preventable Complications Are Growing In U.S.

For the past year, ProPublica and NPR have been examining why the U.S. has the highest rate of maternal mortality in the industrialized world. That relative high rate of death, though, has overshadowed the far more pervasive problem that experts call “severe maternal morbidity.” 

Each year in the U.S., 700 to 900 women die related to pregnancy and childbirth. But for each of those women who die, up to 70 suffer hemorrhages, organ failure or other significant complications. That amounts to more than 1 percent of all births. The annual cost of these near deaths to women, their families, taxpayers and the health care system runs into billions of dollars

In the News …Hepatitis A Outbreak in California Linked to Homelessness

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From NEJM: Full Link: Hepatitis A Outbreak in California — Addressing the Root Cause

On October 13, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown of California declared a state of emergency in response to a hepatitis A outbreak that began in the homeless population in San Diego. In the past year, more than 649 people throughout California have been infected, 417 have been hospitalized, and 21 have died from hepatitis A, making this the largest outbreak in the United States in the past 20 years. The vast majority of those affected have been homeless. Like two thirds of people who experience homelessness in California, most were unsheltered.

The environmental conditions associated with homelessness — overcrowding in encampments and emergency shelters, exposure to the elements, and limited access to facilities for hygiene and food preparation and storage — facilitate infectious-disease transmission..Infectious diseases are one of many health threats faced by homeless people. Poorly controlled chronic diseases, complications of substance use disorders and smoking, and unintentional injuries and violence are prevalent, difficult to manage, and often severe among homeless adults.

Last Year’s Most Popular Posts

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I want to thank the many people who have helped me with this blog –now with 2180 posts over more than 6 years.  This includes my wife, my colleagues at GICareforKids, and colleagues from across the country who have provided critical feedback as well as useful publications to review.  I hope this blog continues to be a useful resource.

Here are the top dozen most popular blog posts from 2017:

 

Thinking Clearly About Fecal Microbiota Transplantation & Hepatic Encephalopathy

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An intriguing open-label randomized clinical trial (JS Bajaj et al. Hepatology 2017; 66: 1727-38) showed that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was helpful in hepatic encephalopathy.

Background: It is well-recognized that changing bacteria flora can be beneficial in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) associated with cirrhosis.  This has been shown with prior treatments with both lactulose and rifaximin.  It is clear that FMT can improve microbial dysbiosis, particularly in patients with Clostridium difficile.  In this study, the authors randomized 20 patients to either standard of care (SOC) or to SOC & FMT (single enema) with a 5-month follow-up. SOC patients received lactulose and rifaximin.

Key findings:

  • No FMT patients and 5 SOC patients developed further HE
  • Cognition improve in the FMT, but not the SOC, group
  • FMT was associated with increased microbial diversity

Since this was a small study, a bigger trial with longer follow-up is needed.

My take: This intriguing study suggests that FMT, or similar more selected modification of bacterial flora, could be helpful in reducing hepatic encephalopathy among patients with cirrhosis.

Related blog posts:

South Kaibab Trail, Grand Canyon

Expert Guidance on Pediatric Postoperative Crohn’s Disease

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A recent NASPGHAN clinical report (JB Splawski et al JPGN 2017; 65: 475-86) updates recommendations to lower the rate of postoperative recurrence in pediatric Crohn Disease (CD).  In this report, after review of a number of studies, the authors provide a management algorithm (Figure 1).  In addition, they review risk factors for surgery/postoperative recurrence in CD.

Key points:

  • “Endoscopic recurrence precedes clinical recurrence, and is a better predictor of the risk for future surgery.”
  • “Anti-TNF agents appear to be the most effective treatment in preventing postoperative recurrence.”  These agents “can be started as early as 4 weeks after surgery.”
  • “Prophylactic treatment to prevent recurrence rather than treating after the disease recurs, appears to be more effective in preventing further surgery.”
  • “Early postoperative surveillance for disease recurrence allows for a change in management to prevent complications that may lead to further surgery.” The authors note that fecal calprotectin (and lactoferrin) return to baseline around 2 months after surgery, and “monitoring disease activity postsurgery with these tests may help determine appropriate selection for more invasive testing such as endoscopy.”

My take: The authors emphasize that “whatever treatment is chosen, early surveillance for disease recurrence is clearly needed.”  In addition, anti-TNF agents are most likely to lower risk of further surgery.

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Silver Bridge, Colorado River, Bright Angel Trail. Grand Canyon

 

A Call to Arms for Health Care Professionals

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A recent editorial published simultaneously in NEJM (DB Taichman et al. 2017; 377: 2090-91), Annals of Internal Medicine, PLOS Medicine and JAMA urges physicians:

  • “Don’t be silent. We don’t need more moments of silence to honor the memory of those who have been killed. We need to honor their memory by preventing a need for such moments.”

A short list of how health care professionals can help:

  • “Educate yourself”
  • Contact your local, state, and federal legislators.  “And do it again at regular intervals.”
  • Attend public meetings. “Demand answers, commitments, and follow-up”
  • “Go to rallies.”
  • “Join, volunteer for, or donate to organizations fighting for sensible firearm legislations.”
  • Vote for candidates “with stances that mitigate firearm-related injury.”

My take: I’m proud of my friends who have been trying to make a difference.  If any other medical problem exacted the toll of firearms, it is hard to imagine such complacency/resignation.

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Sunrise over South Rim of Grand Canyon