Category Archives: Pediatric Gastroenterology Intestinal Disorder

Polyethylene Glycol in the First Two Years of Life

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A recent retrospective study (D Roy et al. JPGN 2021; 72: 683-689. Full text: Utilisation and Safety of Polyethylene Glycol 3350 With Electrolytes in Children Under 2 Years) provides some reassurance that use of polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) (aka Miralax) was well-tolerated in children <2 years of age.

From an initial cohort of 20,861 from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD, the authors identified 13,235 patients with a constipation indication and 40 patients with fecal impaction indication for PEG.

Key finding:

  • The safety aspect of this study did not identify any signals of concern in the constipation cohort.
  • The mean duration of exposure, in the first treatment episode, was 88.9 days.
  • 9380 patients (70.9%) were aged between 12 and <24 months, with a further 3855 patients (29.1%) aged <12months. Also, PEG 3350+E was used in 477 patients (3.6%) who were <6 months of age

This type of retrospective study is less capable of detecting adverse events than a prospective study and is limited by how carefully the primary care provider elicits and documents them.

My take: This large study confirms the widespread usage of PEG in young children without apparent adverse reactions.

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Near Lullwater Park, Atlanta

Olive Oil Enemas for Constipation

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Briefly noted: A recent retrospective study (A Yokoi, N Kamata. J Pediatr Surg 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.03.024 The usefulness of olive oil enema in children with severe chronic constipation) showed the potential utility of olive oil enemas for children (n=115) with constipation.

Treatment regimen: “A 1–2 ml/kg olive oil enema was given either alone or followed several hours later by a glycerin enema.”

Study population: “Forty-nine had functional constipation; 43 had anorectal malformation; 40 had Hirschsprung disease; 12 had spina bifida; and 10 had other maladies.”

  • Key finding: Olive oil enema was considered effective in treating fecal impaction in 77.6% of patients

My take: I don’t have any personal experience with olive oil but expect it would work similar to mineral oil.

Mural on beltline near Ansley Park

Trial by Diet Approach for Crohn’s Disease in Children

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RS Boneh et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepato 2021; 19: 752-759. Dietary Therapies Induce Rapid Response and Remission in Pediatric Patients With Active Crohn’s Disease

The authors collected  data from a multicenter randomized trial of the CD exclusion diet (CDED) in children (mean age, 14.2 ± 2.7 y) with Crohn’s disease who were randomly assigned to groups given either exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN, n = 34) or the CDED with 50% (partial) enteral nutrition (PEN) (n = 39). 

The CDED has been discussed previously on this blog; it aims to avoid animal and saturated fat, milk fat, gluten, specific emulsifiers, taurine, red (reduced heme) and processed meat, and certain fibers from some fruits and vegetables. In addition to excluding patients who received competing therapies (eg. steroids, immunomodulators, and biologics), the authors excluded patients with isolated large bowel disease (L2).

Key findings:

  • At week 3 of the diet, 82% of patients in the CDED group and 85% of patients in the EEN group had a dietary response or remission. Median serum levels of C-reactive protein had decreased from 24 mg/L at baseline to 5.0 mg/L at week 3 (P < .001)
  • Among the 49 patients in remission at week 6, 46 patients (94%) had had a diet response or remission by week 3 and 81% were in clinical remission by week 3

The authors note that the rapid response to dietary therapy suggests a role for a ‘trial by diet’. As such, dietary therapy could be used as monotherapy, for patients failing other therapies, or as a bridge to biological therapy. The authors note that the exact reasons for response to dietary therapy are unsettled and could be “due to both foods excluded and foods enriched in the diet.” In addition, they note that diet appears to be a trigger for inflammation and that reintroduction of foods leads to rebound in inflammation (eg. higher calprotectin) and dysbiosis.

My take: This study shows that dietary therapy works quickly. In this small study, the effectiveness of combined CDED with 50% PEN was similar to EEN.

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Rhododendrum

Can We Learn to Live With Germs Again?

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Correction made on blog post on 5/12/21 Humira Dosing Guidelines. For Crohn’s induction >/= 40kg, there is not an 80mg dose on day 8, just 160mg day 1 and 80mg day 15. Blog post: Ustekinumab for Refractory Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis and Updated Adalimumab Dosing

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NY Times: Can We Learn to Live With Germs Again? (4/23/21)

An excerpt:

Almost everything we know about the microbiome is uncertain, including how our activities and environments influence its makeup...

Despite the now consensus recognition that air transmission, …we continue to annihilate every microbe in our midst, even though most are harmless…

Excessive hygiene practices, inappropriate antibiotic use and lifestyle changes such as distancing may weaken those [microbial] communities going forward in ways that promote sickness and imperil our immune systems. By sterilizing our bodies and spaces, they argue, we may be doing more harm than good…

Dr. Graham Rook, an emeritus professor of medical microbiology at University College London, likens the immune system to a computer. He says that the microbes we encounter in daily life — on other people and in our spaces — are the data that the immune system relies on to program and regulate its operations.

Deprived of these exposures, especially at the start of life, the immune system is prone to malfunction. The result can be allergies, asthma, autoimmune disorders, obesity, Type 2 diabetes and other chronic medical conditions...

 “Even before the pandemic, we know that half of antibiotic use was inappropriate.”…

For those who aren’t yet able to mix and mingle — and right now, that’s most of us — there are other ways to support microbial health. “If you want to do something proactive right now, I would put eating a healthy diet high on your list,” says Dr. Emeran Mayer… plant foods (legumes, greens, whole fruits, a variety of vegetables), as well as fermented foods, support the richness and diversity of the gut microbiome. So, too, does limiting one’s intake of processed and fast foods, especially those that contain added sugar…

Before the pandemic, only one of the top 10 causes of death in America — influenza — was attributable to an infectious disease that someone could “catch.” Nearly all the rest, such as heart disease and stroke, cancer, brain disease and diabetes, are associated with poor microbiome health or dysfunction.

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World Obesity Day was March 4, 2021

AGA: Best Practice Advice for Refractory H pylori

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SC Shah et al. Gastroenterol 2021;  160: 1831-1841. Full text: AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Management of Refractory Helicobacter pylori Infection: Expert Review

Key recommendations:

  • Best Practice Advice 4: If bismuth quadruple therapy failed as a first-line treatment, shared decision making between providers and patients should guide selection between (a) levofloxacin- or rifabutin-based triple-therapy regimens with high-dose dual proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and amoxicillin, and (b) an alternative bismuth-containing quadruple therapy, as second-line options
  • Best Practice Advice 5: When using metronidazole-containing regimens, providers should consider adequate dosing of metronidazole (1.5–2 g daily in divided doses) with concomitant bismuth therapy, because this may improve eradication success rates irrespective of observed in vitro metronidazole resistance.
  • Best Practice Advice 6: In the absence of a history of anaphylaxis, penicillin allergy testing should be considered in a patient labeled as having this allergy in order to delist penicillin as an allergy and potentially enable its use. Amoxicillin should be used at a daily dose of at least 2 g divided 3 times per day or 4 times per day to avoid low trough levels.
  • Best Practice Advice 8:Longer treatment durations provide higher eradication success rates compared with shorter durations (eg, 14 days vs 7 days). Whenever appropriate, longer treatment durations should be selected for treating refractory H pylori infection.
  • Best Practice Advice 10: After 2 failed therapies with confirmed patient adherence, H pylori susceptibility testing should be considered to guide the selection of subsequent regimens.
  • Table 1 in report details specific regimens

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Ustekinumab for Refractory Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis and Updated Adalimumab Dosing

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As noted in previous blog posts (see below), adult guidelines for ulcerative colitis favor ustekinumab over vedolizumab for ulcerative colitis patients who have had anti-TNF therapy; recent pediatric guidelines appeared to do the opposite, possibly due to limited data with ustekinumab.

A recent study (J Dhaliwal et al. AP&T 2021; https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16388. One‐year outcomes with ustekinumab therapy in infliximab‐refractory paediatric ulcerative colitis: a multicentre prospective study) provides prospective data on ustekinumab effectiveness when given to children with UC refractory to other biologics; n=25. Thanks to Ben Gold for this reference.

Key findings:

  •  All patients had failed prior infliximab therapy, and 12 (48%) also had failed vedolizumab.  Five patients discontinued ustekinumab after IV induction (four undergoing colectomy).
  • On intent to treat basis, 44% (n=11) achieved the primary endpoint of steroid‐free remission at week 52, including nine (69%) of 13 who previously treated with anti‐TNF only vs two (17%) of 12 who previously failed also by vedolizumab. Seven of 11 remitters met the criteria for endoscopic improvement.
  • Higher trough levels were not associated with a superior rate of clinical remission; the median (IQR) trough levels (μg/mL) were greater with q4 vs q8 weekly dosing (8.7 [4.6‐9.9] vs 3.8 [12.7‐4.8]) P = 0.02.
  • No adverse events were associated with therapy.

My take: Ustekinumab is a good option for pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis who are refractory to anti-TNF agents. More data are needed to help in positioning therapies.

Also, Humira (adalimumab) is now FDA-approved for children as young as 5 years with ulcerative colitis: FDA Approves Adalimumab as Treatment for Children With Ulcerative Colitis (2/25/21). “This approval is based on results from the phase 3, randomized, double-blind, multicenter ENVISION I (NCT02065557) study.” Abbvie has now updated their Humira dosing recommendations (Reference:  https://www.rxabbvie.com/pdf/humira.pdf). Thanks to Clair Talmadge for this update.

Disclaimer: This blog, gutsandgrowth, assumes no responsibility for any use or operation of any method, product, instruction, concept or idea contained in the material herein or for any injury or damage to persons or property (whether products liability, negligence or otherwise) resulting from such use or operation. These blog posts are for educational purposes only. Specific dosing of medications (along with potential adverse effects) should be confirmed by prescribing physician.  Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, the gutsandgrowth blog cautions that independent verification should be made of diagnosis and drug dosages. The reader is solely responsible for the conduct of any suggested test or procedure.  This content is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a condition.

No Benefit of Combination Therapy with Ustekinumab or Vedolizumab

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C Yzet et al. Clin Gastroenerol Hepatol 2021; 19: 668-679. Full Text: No Benefit of Concomitant Immunomodulator Therapy on Efficacy of Biologics That Are Not Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Meta-analysis

In a systematic review, key findings:

  • Combination therapy was not associated with better clinical outcomes in patients receiving vedolizumab (16 studies: OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.68–1.05; I2=13.9%; Q test P = .17); n= 933 and n=2378 with combination therapy and monotherapy, respectively
  • Combination therapy was not associated with better clinical outcomes in patients receiving ustekinumab (15 studies: OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.87–1.38; I2 = 11%; Q test P = .28); n=856 and n=1926 patients with combination therapy and monotherapy, respectively

Why don’t immunomodulators seem to help? “Unlike anti-TNF, prospective studies as well as post hoc analysis of randomized controlled trial consistently reported a low immunogenicity [with ustekinumab and vedolizumab]…all the prospective studies available to date have shown no impact of immunomodulator on the trough serum level of vedolizumab or ustekinumab.”

Limitation: patients treated with combination therapy in the included studies could be more severe

My take: “This meta-analysis found that overall the use of combination therapy in patients treated with vedolizumab or ustekinumab was not associated with a clinical benefit in comparison with the use of monotherapy.”

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What Happens With Double Switches of Infliximab Products

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N Trystram et al. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 01 Mar 2021, 53(8):887-899 Outcomes after double switching from originator Infliximab to biosimilar CT-P13 and biosimilar SB2 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a 12-month prospective cohort study.

Key findings:

  • Drug persistence was high (94.9%) after 54 weeks in cohort of 158 patients
  • Double switching from the originator Infliximab to CT-P13 and then to SB2 was associated with continued effectiveness; this study did not identify issues related to immunogenicity or safety of anti-TNF therapy after 54 weeks of follow-up.

My take: There is very limited data on repeated infliximab product changes; this small study did not identify any problems. Due to mandates from insurance, more frequent switching is likely to be more widespread and more definitive outcome data will emerge.

Abstract:

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Combating Anti-Drug Antibodies with Immunomodulators in Pediatric IBD

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RJ Colman et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27: 507-515. Favorable Outcomes and Anti-TNF Durability After Addition of an Immunomodulator for Anti-Drug Antibodies in Pediatric IBD Patients

In this retrospective review with 89 patients who developed antidrug antibodies (ADAs), the authors identified 30 who started an immunomodulator (IM) within 3 months of developing an ADA and compared with 59 who did not start an IM. The main IM used was methotrexate (n= 28, 93%)

Key findings:

  • 61 of the 89 patients (69%) had quiescent disease based on physician global assessment at their previous clinic visit
  • The initial anti-TNF was stopped shortly after ADA detection in 36% of the No-IM patients vs none of the IM patients. Thus, anti-TNF agents durability was prolonged in the IM group.
  • Dose intensification was also undertaken at the time of ADA detection: 25 (83%) of IM group and 28 (48%) of non-IM group.
  • At 12 months, steroid-free clinical and biochemical remission on the same anti-TNF occurred in 53.9% of the IM group vs 26.8% in the No-IM group (P = 0.025).
  • Drug levels rose higher (P = 0.003) and ADA levels fell farther (P = 0.037) in the IM group than in the No-IM group
  • Lower ADAs often improved without IM: An ADA level <329 ng/mL had a 76.2% sensitivity and an 83.3% specificity for ADA reversal without IM.

My take: If a patient develops a significantly elevated anti-drug antibody, addition of methotrexate/immunomodulator along with dose intensification increases the likelihood that the anti-TNF agent will continue to be effective.

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