Need Liver, Will Travel

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A recent commentary (G Cholankeril et al. Gastroenterol 2016; 151: 382-86) provides a succinct summary regarding the trends in liver transplantation multiple listing and its implications on notions of utility and justice.

Key points:

  • UNOS was established based on Congressional act in 1984: 42 U.S.C. § 274.  The principles of “justice” and “utility” were to be key in governing an equitable  allocation system.
  • Due to allocation inequities, however, some prospective liver transplant candidates seek multiple listings. From 2010 to 2015, 1082 of 70,080 (2%) liver transplant candidates on the waitlist had multiple listings. During that same time frame, 862 (multiply-listed) of 32,431(total transplants) (3%) underwent liver transplantation.
  • Candidates who migrated had “shorter waiting time before liver transplantation and higher probability of receiving an organ (multiple listings 80% versus primary listing 46%; P<.001)”
  • Multiple listing candidates had lower severity of illness and lower MELD score at time of liver transplantation (multiple listings 25 versus primary listing 28; P<.001)

Regional distribution:

  • 46% of the 862 multiply-listed patients who underwent liver transplantation received their organ in UNOS region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Puerto Rico)
  • 67% of those 862 emigrated away from Regions 2, 5, and 9 -which have the longest waiting times. Figure 1 shows the 11 Regions.  Region 2 & 9 include New York, New Jersey, Delaware, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.  Region 9 includes California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.

My take: Under the current system, liver transplant candidates capable of travelling/multiple listing, are rewarded with earlier liver transplantation & higher likelihood of receiving a liver transplant.  Thus, until inequities in organ distribution are better addressed, patient’s may need to consider telling their transplant team: ‘Need Liver, Will Travel’

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Public Art, New Orleans

Public Art, New Orleans

NEJM Presidential Candidate Health Proposals

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Full text: My Vision for Universal, Quality, Affordable Health Care –NEJM

From NEJM: The editors invited the Democratic and Republican presidential nominees, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, to answer the following question for Journal readers: What specific changes in policy do you support to improve access to care, improve quality of care, and control health care costs for our nation? Secretary Clinton responded. Mr. Trump did not respond.

The main topics in Hillary Clinton’s commentary include expanding insurance coverage through the affordable care act (i.e. Obamacare), improve affordability in health care with proposals that affect both insurance companies and pharmaceutical companies, improve access to primary care/community care, and to continue to promote innovation/research.

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Molecular Panels for Identifying Etiology with Acute GI Symptoms

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A recent study (MR Nicholson et al. J Pediatr 2016; 176; 50-6) examined the use of multiplex molecular testing to determine the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children.  It is interesting that little has been published about this increasingly common practice of sending a 12 to 15 panel PCR assay when faced with acute GI symptoms, mainly diarrhea.

This study was a prospective population-based study of children <6 years with acute gastroenteritis (2008-2011).

Findings:

  • 70.4 % (152/216) samples tested positive for a pathogen, with norovirus the most frequent (n=78, 36.1%). Clostridium difficile was next at 16.2% (n=35).
  • 22.7% (n=49) tested positive for more than 1 pathogen including 25 with a C difficile detection
  • In this study, the authors noted C difficile colonization in 8% of healthy children aged 0-51 months and in 14% of children <12 months

Implications of this study and this technology:

  • Prior to this technology, traditional approaches typically identified less than 15% of the cases of acute gastroenteritis.  Thus, this new technology increases the likelihood of a definitive diagnosis.
  • Multiple pathogens, particularly with C difficile, illustrate how this new technology will present some difficulties with interpretation.  C difficile has very high rates of colonization in infants (anywhere from 25-80%) without AGE symptoms and lower rates of colonization in toddlers.  High colonization/detection has been noted in inflammatory bowel disease patients (17%) and pediatric oncology patients (30-55%).
  • For C difficile, molecular testing is much less likely to correlate with clinical disease than toxin-based assays. “A recent study in adults found that virtually all CDI-related complications occurred in patients with a positive toxin immunoassay.” (JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175: 1792-801)

My take: These panels are helpful in identifying infectious etiologies of AGE and may help prevent unnecessary endoscopic procedures.  Due to their limitations, careful selection of which patients to test and cautious interpretation of the results are needed.

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Sunset from Bar Harbor, ME

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One of 340,000 Followers of NEJM

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A recent editorial (EW Campion et al. NEJM 2016; 375: 993-4) made a few worthwhile points and shows how NEJM has been successful and innovative over 20 years of using the web and social media.

  • This has allowed more widespread access to its content, even by resource-poor countries.
  • The use of the web has facilitated quick distribution of multiple resources for outbreaks like  Ebola and Zika.
  • Currently, every article back to 1812 is available online (over 173,000 with more than 570,000 pages)
  • NEJM has 340,000 twitter followers and 1.3 million followers on facebook
  • Despite the importance of NEJM, as well as other healthcare media, important caution is needed.

“We do need to be wary of challenges and dangers that the new media have created.  On the Internet, speed and simplicity often displace depth and quality, especially on complex subjects.  Our privacy is increasingly vulnerable. Misinformation, misrepresentation, and piracy are common.  There are health scams and even sham medical conferences and fake medical journals.”

My take: Careful use of internet resources has been incredibly helpful.  But, beware of the inherent hazards that have accompanied these advances.

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Balancing Rock, Bar Harbor

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Antipsychotic Agent, Olanzapine, Helps in Reducing Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea/Vomiting

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Briefly noted: RM Navari et al. NEJM 2016; 375: 134-42. Olanzapine (marketed as Zyprexa), compared with placebo, in combination with dexamethasone, aprepitant (or fosaprepitant) and a 5-hydroxytryptomaine type 3 antagonist (eg palonosetron, ondansetron, or granisetron) helped reduced nausea/vomiting.  Among a total of 380 patients, 74% in the olanzapine group had no nausea/vomiting compared with 45% in the placebo group in the first 24 hours.  In the 1st 120 hours, the rates of no nausea/vomiting were 37% vs. 22%.  A “complete response,” defined as no emesis episodes and no rescue medications, occurred in 64% vs 41% in the 1st 120 hours.  The most concerning side effect reported was severe sedation which was reported in 5%.

Arthur Ravenel Jr Bridge

Arthur Ravenel Jr Bridge

Increased Intestinal Blood Flow with Bolus Feedings in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

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From Journal of Pediatrics:  V Bozzetti et al. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.031

Abstract:

Objective

To detect changes in splanchnic perfusion and oxygenation induced by 2 different feeding regimens in infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and those without IUGR.

Study design

This was a randomized trial in 40 very low birth weight infants. When an enteral intake of 100 mL/kg/day was achieved, patients with IUGR and those without IUGR were randomized into 2 groups. Group A (n = 20) received a feed by bolus (in 10 minutes), then, after at least 3 hours, received the same amount of formula by continuous nutrition over 3 hours. Group B (n = 20) received a feed administered continuously over 3 hours, followed by a bolus administration (in 10 minutes) of the same amount of formula after at least 3 hours. On the day of randomization, intestinal and cerebral regional oximetry was measured via near-infrared spectroscopy and Doppler ultrasound (US) of the superior mesenteric artery was performed. Examinations were performed before the feed and at 30 minutes after the feed by bolus and before the feed, at 30 minutes after the start of the feed, and at 30 minutes after the end of the feed for the 3-hour continuous feed.

Results

Superior mesenteric artery Doppler US showed significantly higher perfusion values after the bolus feeds than after the continuous feeds. Near-infrared spectroscopy values remained stable before and after feeds. Infants with IUGR and those without IUGR showed the same perfusion and oxygenation patterns.

Conclusion

According to our Doppler US results, bolus feeding is more effective than continuous feeding in increasing splanchnic perfusion.

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