Sleep Duration and Subsequent Obesity

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A provocative study from Brazil (CSE Halal et al. J Pediatr 2016; 168: 99-103) examined a cohort of 4231 infants and assessed sleep duration from 1-4 years of age.

Findings:

  • 10.1% of cohort had short sleep duration at any follow-up
  • At 4 years of age, 201 children (5.3%) were obese and 302 (8%) were overweight
  • Prevalence ratio for obesity/overweight was 1.32 among those who were ‘short-sleepers’

This study introduction notes that studies in adults have suggested an association between poor sleep and weight gain, “possibly through elevation of cortisol and gherlin levels, along with reduction in leptin levels, thereby leading to increased hunger and reduced energy expenditure.”

Normal sleep patterns: for infants 12-15 hours/day, & for toddlers 11-14 hours/day.  At night, average expected sleep is 12 hours at 1 year of age and 11 hours at 4 years of age.

My take: Looking at early sleep patterns helps reduce the likelihood of reverse causation.  This study and others shows an association with less sleep and increased likelihood of weight gain.  Why???

In same issue (AI Wijtzes et al. J Pediatr 2016; 168: 118-25) report that breakfast skipping at age 4 years is associated (ß =1.38) with a higher percent fat mass at age 6 years, though no associations were found with BMI or weight status.  This study involved prospectively collected data from 5914 children in the “Generation R Study” in The Netherlands.

Briefly noted: JA Emond et al. J Pediatr 2016; 168: 158-63. “Greater child commercial TV viewing was significantly associated with more frequent family visits to those fast food restaurants …toy collecting partially mediated that positive association.” This study involved 100 parents with children aged 3-7 in a rural community.

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This graphic identifies commercial entities influencing food choices

This graphic identifies commercial entities influencing food choices

Adolescent Bariatric Surgery Outcomes at 3 Years

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A prospective study (TH Inge et al. NEJM 2016; 374: 113-23) with 242 adolescents from five U.S. centers provides data on outcomes at 3 years. Here’s the scoop:

  • At baseline, mean age was 17 years, 75% were female, 72% were white, and mean BMI was 53.

At 3 years:

  • Mean weight decreased 27% (similar results for gastric bypass and gastric sleeve)
  • 95% had remission of type 2 diabetes (of those with diabetes at baseline)
  • 86% had remission in abnormal kidney function (of those with diabetes at baseline)
  • 74% had remission in elevated blood pressure (of those with diabetes at baseline)

lonnnngg Table 4 details the serious complications:

  • 13% of the participants (n=30, 47 procedures) had undergone additional abdominal procedures. While most of these were related to the procedure, a good number may have occurred regardlessly (eg. 18 cholecystectomies, 2 appendectomies)
  • 13% (n=29) also underwent endoscopic procedures including 9 who needed stricture dilatation.

The most common nutrient deficiency at followup was iron deficiency.  57% had low ferritin levels at 3 years compared with 5% at baseline.  Vitamin B12 deficiency was common; it declined by 35% and 8% had a deficiency at 3 years.  Vitamin A deficiencies increased (16% at 3 years). My take: this study documents the durability of weight loss and its beneficial effects on a multitude of problems.  It also shows that careful followup is needed for nutrient deficiencies and the risks of adverse events. Related blog posts:

Proton Pump Inhibitors Webinar

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For those who missed the live NASPGHAN webinar, it is also available on demand: Link: Proton Pump Inhibitors Webinar. CME credit is available too.

Overall, this is a terrific review and intended for a high level audience. Here are a couple of key points from the talk:

  • Dr. Jennifer Lightdale introduced the webinar.  She noted that there has been a tremendous rise in the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in children over the past 15 years, including in infants.
  • Preponderance of evidence does not support use of PPIs for reducing GER symptoms or crying in infants.
  • PPIs are extremely effective at acid suppression.
  • Excellent discussion by Dr. Rachel Rosen on Nonerosive Reflux Disease (NERD) and distinguishing this entity from erosive reflux disease, hypersensitive esophagus, and functional heartburn.
  • On a microscopic level, NERD is similar to erosive reflux with microscopic inflammation and dilated intracellular spaces.
  • With regard to testing, it is recommended that for impedance studies, that acid suppression be stopped prior due to improved sensitivity/accuracy.
  • For those at odds with their pulmonologists and ENT colleagues, Dr. Ben Gold reviewed the literature on asthma, cough, and laryngeal-pharyngeal pathology related to reflux. The sensitivity of laryngoscopic findings to identify reflux is poor.  “There is insufficient evidence to recommend for OR against the use of acid suppression therapy.”
  • Dr. Jose Garza reviewed the indications for PPI use which include eosinophilic esophagitis/PPI-REE, erosive esophagitis, NSAID prophylaxis, Upper GI bleeding, and H pylori therapy.
  • Dr. Carlo DiLorenzo provided an in-depth discussion of the potential risks of PPI therapy and explained some of the context as well as absolute risks.  He noted that besides the risk of infection, particularly C difficile, other risks demonstrated in adults have not yet been confirmed in children.
  • “Prolonged acid suppression should be used only when indicated.”  Thus, management should include strategies for treatment discontinuation in the majority of those receiving PPI therapy.

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Turning Conventional Colonoscopy Positioning Upside Down

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A recent article (The American Journal of Gastroenterology 110, 1576-1581 (November 2015) | doi:10.1038/ajg.2015.298) indicates that right-sided positioning rather than left-side down results in quicker and more comfortable colonoscopy.  While it is disconcerting to realize that I had been trained exactly opposite, if this technique works for me, it will be particularly helpful when patients undergo combination procedures since this means that the bed would not need to be rotated.  Thanks to Mike Hart for this reference.

Right Or Left in COLonoscopy (ROLCOL)? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Right- versus Left-Sided Starting Position in Colonoscopy

N Vergis, A K McGrath, C H Stoddart and Jonathan M Hoare

OBJECTIVES:

Colonoscopy is technically challenging and can cause discomfort for patients. We aimed to test whether right-sided starting position for colonoscopy would result in shorter procedure time and greater patient comfort when compared with conventional left-sided starting position.

METHODS:

We conducted a randomized controlled trial in which patients were randomized to begin in either the right- (RL) or conventional left-lateral (LL) position. One hundred and sixty-three adult patients undergoing scheduled colonoscopy were stratified by age, gender, body mass index, and experience of the endoscopist. Patients were then randomized 1:1 in permuted blocks. The primary outcome measure was time to cecal intubation and secondary outcome measures included patient comfort that was evaluated by visual analog comfort scale.

RESULTS:

Median time to reach the cecum was quicker when colonoscopy began with patients positioned RL rather than LL (P=0.0078). Moreover, patients found RL more comfortable than LL (P=0.02). Multiple linear regression confirmed starting position in colonoscopy as an independent determinant of time to reach the cecum (P=0.007). Women and those who had previously undergone abdominal surgery gained the greatest benefit from right-sided positioning (RL vs. LL: 498 vs. 824 s; P=0.03 and 498 vs. 797 s; P=0.006, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

Our study reveals that right-sided positioning at the start of colonoscopy results in more comfortable and quicker procedures. Of the factors identified by multiple linear regression to independently have an impact on time to reach the cecum, only starting position is modifiable. Right-sided starting position may therefore be of benefit in colonoscopy, in particular for women and patients who have previously undergone abdominal surgery.

Nummular Eczema due to Infliximab

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An image report (YM Dawkins et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatolo 2016; 14: xxxv-xxxvi) describes a 30-year-old with ulcerative colitis who developed nummular eczema two years after the start of infliximab.  He was treated with topical agents and a course of systemic corticosteroids.  The authors note that in a few patients, withdrawal of anti-TNF therapy is needed, but this was not needed in their patient.

SkinRxnNumEczemaIFX

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Increasing Rates of Abdominal Wall Birth Defect (Gastroschisis)

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From NY Times summary of recent study, “Rate of Birth Defect of Abdominal Wall Increasing, CDC Says“:

The prevalence of gastroschisis has increased by about 30 percent, to 4.9 births out of 10,000 during the period from 2006 to 2012, from 3.6 per 10,000 live births from 1995 to 2005, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

My take: This epidemiology is definitely concerning.  Though most children with gastroschisis do well over time, some have serious problems and many require prolonged hospitalizations after birth.

 

Weight Gain in Preemies, Neurodevelopmental Outcomes, and Reverse Causation

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Since a trial which randomizes premature infants into groups that are well-nourished and poorly-nourished and then following them prospectively is never going to happen, it is difficult to know with certainty the effects of optimal nutrition are with respect to long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

An article I enjoyed reading on this subject (MB Belfort et al. J Pediatr 2016; 168: 30-5) pushes back on the correlation between good weight gain, as a surrogate marker for nutritional status, and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

In this study, 1070 infants between 23-27 weeks gestational age were followed with weights on days 7-28 along with weights at 12 and 24 months.  This data was compared with several indices on neurodevelopmental outcome.  Here is the key finding:  “Weight gain in the lowest quartile from 7-28 days was not associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes.”

In commentary on their findings, the authors point out that “we found no evidence to suggest that faster weight gain from 7 to 28 days of life reduced the risk of adverse outcomes…almost all of the associations between low weight gain..were attenuated or eliminated when we restricted our analysis to those children able to walk independently.”

“Overall, it appears that low weight in children with severe neurodevelopmental impairments may be caused by factors closely related to the impairments themselves…reverse causation may be at play.” Thus, underlying brain damage may limit body weight gain, rather than poor nutrition limiting brain development.”

My take: I may be apt to ‘confirmational bias’ as this study reinforces my view that improved nutrition may not change outcomes appreciably.  To be clear, I still believe that efforts to optimize the nutrition of premature infants are a good idea but we need to be skeptical about the magnitude of benefit that we will derive.

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Living Liver Donors: 97% Would Do It Again

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A recent study (VR Humphreville et al. Liver Transpl 2016; 22: 53-62) indicates that living liver donors report a high satisfaction following donation.

The authors examined a cohort of 127 living liver donors from the University of Minnesota; donation had occurred between 2 years and 16 years previously.  In addition to a donor-specific survey (DSS) completed by 107, the participants completed the short-form 36 health survey to assess health-related quality of life.

Key findings:

  • Almost all donors reported that they would donate again (97.2%)
  • Satisfaction rate correlated with the outcome of the liver transplant recipient along with pain after donation and vitality after donation. 91.6% rated their satisfaction with the donation process as >8 on a 10 -point scale, with 10 being “extremely satisfied”
  • Health-related quality of life was higher among donors than the general population (though they likely had higher scores than the general population at baseline)

The study elaborates on the potential complications with the most frequent  being incisional discomfort in 34%.

My Take: this information on high satisfaction will be useful for transplant programs and those considering living liver donation.

 

“A Healthy Diet’s Main Ingredient? Best Guesses”

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A recent commentary from the NY Times (A Healthy Diet’s Main Ingredients? Best Guesses) explores some of the failed efforts to improve health by reducing fat or eliminating eggs and explains why these are no longer recommended.  The article has a 12 minute video which reviews some of the confusion regarding dietary recommendations.

Here’s an excerpt:

Conventional wisdom held that fat was bad, period, with relatively few Americans distinguishing between saturated fats (meat, eggs, dairy products) and healthier unsaturated fats (fish, vegetable oils, nuts). Typically, people turned to breads, cereals and potatoes — and to sugary soft drinks — for the calories they no longer got from protein-rich foods…The result? Carbo-loading Americans grew fatter. “We put the whole country on a low-fat diet,” Mr. Taubes said, “and, lo and behold, we have an obesity epidemic.”…

New guidelines are expected to be issued this month by the Departments of Agriculture and of Health and Human Services, which tend to follow the recommendations of an advisory committee. One likely eye-catcher is a new assessment of cholesterol, long an archvillain. It seems destined for rehabilitation to some degree. Months ago, the advisory committee concluded that the dietary intake of cholesterol (the body produces this waxy, artery-obstructing matter on its own) had no real effect on blood levels of LDL, the so-called bad cholesterol. “Cholesterol,” the committee said, “is not a nutrient of concern for overconsumption.”

There is a conspicuous American tendency to cling to a favored diet as the gateway to good health, keeping weight down, staving off cancers and banishing heart attacks. A consequence is an abundance of regimens — vegan, gluten-free, Paleolithic, fruitarian and many more — each promoted by its adherents as the one true path.

But nutrition experts, including those in this Retro Report, caution that life is complex, and that we are more than what we eat.

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Good Press for PPIs

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A lot of medical publications focus on infrequent complications of medications.  This is problematic for many who have trouble understanding absolute risks and relative risks.  If a medication increases the relative risk of a rare problem, the absolute risk to the individual remains quite low.

For proton pump inhibitors, there has been a fair amount of focus on potential complications.  In my view, some of this is due to the fact that there are many taking these medications who may not be receiving much benefit.   Many of the adverse effects for most patients would result in a low absolute risk. In fact, stopping PPIs in those who have indications for their usage could result in significantly greater harm.

For those who’ve been thinking that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been getting a ‘bum rap,’ here are a few publications have highlighted their success in problems other than ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

  • AJ Lucendo et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 13-22.
  • RMM van Aerts et al.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 147-52.

The first study, a systemic review and meta-analysis of PPIs in inducing remission for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).  In all 33 studies (11 prospective) of adults and children were included with 619 patients. Key findings:

  • Clinical response was noted in 60.8%
  • Histologic remission (<15 Eos/hpf in this study) in 50.5%
  • In prospective studies, once-daily therapy had similar effectiveness to twice daily (55.9% vs. 49.7%)
  • pH monitoring did not predict response to PPI therapy

My take: While the conclusion from this study (by the authors) is that PPIs should be considered a first-line therapy for EoE, they also indicate that the findings need to interpreted cautiously due to poor-quality evidence, heterogeneity of the studies, and publication bias.  Despite these limitations, most experts agree that PPI therapy should be undertaken prior to use of other treatments like diets or topical steroids for EoE.

The second study showed that patients with hereditary hemochromatosis needed less phlebotomy if they were taking PPIs.  The study was a retrospective study which divided patients into 3 groups, including a paired group of 12 patients who had ferritin levels and number of phlebotomies compared for 3 years prior and 3 years after the start of PPI therapy.  In this group, phlebotomies were needed 3.16 times per year prior to PPI and only 0.5 per year subsequently (to keep ferritin less than 100 mcg/L).  The authors note that studies have shown that PPIs reduced postprandial iron absorption.  PPIs effect on iron metabolism “acts at cellular level in the endosomes and in the stomach, and it seems to have no influence on the hepcidin regulation.”  For PPI fans, the editorial (pgs 153-55) comments that “an attractive aspect of this strategy is the safety of PPIs, which has been shown even with long-term use.’ [Aliment Phamacol Ther 2015; 41: 1162-74]

My take: While this study is not recommending that patients with hereditary hemochromatosis start PPI therapy, those who are taking PPI therapy may need less frequent phlebotomy.

So, in addition to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease, patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and those with hereditary hemochromatosis often benefit from PPI therapy.

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Half Dome, Yosemite

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