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About gutsandgrowth

I am a pediatric gastroenterologist at GI Care for Kids (previously called CCDHC) in Atlanta, Georgia. The goal of my blog is to share some of my reading in my field more broadly. In addition, I wanted to provide my voice to a wide range of topics that often have inaccurate or incomplete information. Before starting this blog in 2011, I would tear out articles from journals and/or keep notes in a palm pilot. This blog helps provide an updated source of information that is easy to access and search, along with links to useful multimedia sources. I was born and raised in Chattanooga. After graduating from the University of Virginia, I attended Baylor College of Medicine. I completed residency and fellowship training at the University of Cincinnati at the Children’s Hospital Medical Center. I received funding from the National Institutes of Health for molecular biology research of the gastrointestinal tract. During my fellowship, I had the opportunity to work with some of the most amazing pediatric gastroenterologists and mentors. Some of these individuals included Mitchell Cohen, William Balistreri, James Heubi, Jorge Bezerra, Colin Rudolph, John Bucuvalas, and Michael Farrell. I am grateful for their teaching and their friendship. During my training with their help, I received a nationwide award for the best research by a GI fellow. I have authored numerous publications/presentations including original research, case reports, review articles, and textbook chapters on various pediatric gastrointestinal problems. In addition, I have been recognized by Atlanta Magazine as a "Top Doctor" in my field multiple times. Currently, I am the vice chair of the section of nutrition for the Georgia Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics. In addition, I am an adjunct Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at Emory University School of Medicine. Other society memberships have included the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN), American Academy of Pediatrics, the Food Allergy Network, the American Gastroenterology Association, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation. As part of a national pediatric GI organization called NASPGHAN (and its affiliated website GIKids), I have helped develop educational materials on a wide-range of gastrointestinal and liver diseases which are used across the country. Also, I have been an invited speaker for national campaigns to improve the evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, celiac disease, eosinophilic esophagitis, hepatitis C, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Some information on these topics has been posted at my work website, www.gicareforkids.com, which has links to multiple other useful resources. I am fortunate to work at GI Care For Kids. Our group has 17 terrific physicians with a wide range of subspecialization, including liver diseases, feeding disorders, eosinophilic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, DiGeorge/22q, celiac disease, and motility disorders. Many of our physicians are recognized nationally for their achievements. Our group of physicians have worked closely together for many years. None of the physicians in our group have ever left to join other groups. I have also worked with the same nurse (Bernadette) since I moved to Atlanta in 1997. For many families, more practical matters about our office include the following: – 14 office/satellite locations – physicians who speak Spanish – cutting edge research – on-site nutritionists – on-site psychology support for abdominal pain and feeding disorders – participation in ImproveCareNow to better the outcomes for children with inflammatory bowel disease – office endoscopy suite (lower costs and easier scheduling) – office infusion center (lower costs and easier for families) – easy access to nursing advice (each physician has at least one nurse) I am married and have two sons (both adults). I like to read, walk/hike, bike, swim, and play tennis with my free time. I do not have any financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies or other financial relationships to disclose. I have helped enroll patients in industry-sponsored research studies.

Celiac Update September 2015

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A useful review (CP Kelly et al. Gastroenterol 2015; 148: 1175-86) summarizes the ‘state of the art” information regarding celiac disease presentation and management. The review notes that some expert organization consensus state that intestinal biopsy is mandatory whereas some do not under certain conditions.

According to ESPGHAN, if anti-TTG >10-fold elevated, anti-EMA positive in separate sample, and +HLA typing, then a biopsy may not be required.  For the WGO (World Gastroenterologic Organization), the exception focuses on available local resources.

The article recommends the following for monitoring:

  • Clinical evaluation -annually or if recurrent symptoms
  • Serology & Nutritional evaluation -every 3-6 months until normal, then every 1-2 years.  Common nutrient deficiencies: iron, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate, and zinc
  • Bone density -once within first 2 years.  (Some recommend checking after 1 year on gluten free diet)
  • Liver transaminase levels & Thyroid function tests -at diagnosis, then every 1-2 years.  Autoimmune thyroid disorders are “found in approximately 15-20% of adults with celiac disease”

A second retrospective indicates that ESPGHAN criteria for avoiding biopsy in children and adolescents with high titers for anti-TTG (>10-fold) along with positive EMA, and HLA-DQ2/DQ8.are reasonable.  Here’s the abstract:

Are ESPGHAN “Biopsy-Sparing” Guidelines for Celiac Disease also Suitable for Asymptomatic Patients?

CM Trovato, et al.The American Journal of Gastroenterology , (15 September 2015) | doi:10.1038/ajg.2015.285

OBJECTIVES:

In 2012, European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition published novel guidelines on celiac disease (CD) diagnosis. Symptomatic children with serum anti-transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibody levels ≥10 times upper limit of normal (ULN) could avoid duodenal biopsies after positive HLA test and serum anti-endomysial antibodies (EMAs). So far, both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with anti-tTG titer <10 times ULN should undergo upper endoscopy with duodenal biopsies to confirm diagnosis. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of serological tests to diagnose CD in asymptomatic patients.

METHODS:

We retrospectively reviewed data of 286 patients (age range: 10 months to 17 years) with CD diagnosis based on elevated titer of anti-tTG, EMA positivity, and histology. All patients were distinguished between symptomatic and asymptomatic; histological lesions were graded according to the Marsh–Oberhuber (MO) criteria. Fisher exact test was applied to analyze both groups in terms of diagnostic reliability of serological markers.

RESULTS:

A total of 196 patients (68.53%) had anti-tTG titers ≥10 times ULN. Among them, a group of 156 patients (79.59%) also had symptoms suggestive of CD (“high-titer” symptomatic); of these, 142 patients (91.02%) showed severe lesion degree (3a, 3b, 3c MO). Conversely, 40 out of 196 patients (20.40%) were asymptomatic (“high-titer” asymptomatic) and 37 patients (92.5%) of them showed severe lesion degree (3a, 3b, 3c MO). No difference in histological damage was found between “high-titer” symptomatic and “high-titer” asymptomatic children (Fisher exact test, P=1.000).

CONCLUSIONS:

If confirmed in large multicenter prospective studies, the “biopsy-sparing” protocol seems to be applicable to both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with anti-tTG titer ≥10 times ULN, positive EMA, and HLA-DQ2/DQ8.

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Celiac Disease: “Ten Things That Every Gastroenterologist Should Know”

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Turns out that a recent review (AS Oxentenko, JA Murray. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1396-1404) is a succinct summary on celiac disease with questions focused on diagnosis, endoscopy, genetics/HLA typing, at risk groups, management, adherence, non responsive celiac patient, and refractory patients.  Most of these topics have been addressed previously on this blog.

However, here are a few pointers:

  • “Histologic improvement is slow in adults…Mucosal recovery, defined by a villous:crypt ratio of 3:1, was present in 34% at 2 years and 66% at 5 years, with healing complete in 90% by 9 years.”
  • “Mucosal recovery is faster and more complete in children, with 95% recovery in 2 years and 100% recovery long-term in children following a GFD.”
  • With nonresponsive celiac disease, “defined as a lack of response to 6 months on a GFD or a recurrence of celiac-related features despite compliance,” the authors recommend reviewing serology and biopsies.  Other etiologies to consider include bacterial overgrowth, autoimmune enteropathy, tropical sprue, Crohn’s disease, combined variable immunodeficiency, collagenous sprue, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
  • For refractory celiac disease with ongoing villous atrophy, this “should prompt immunophenotyping and T-cell rearrangement studies” of duodenal biopsies.

Briefly noted: ET Jensen et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1426-31.  The authors examined 88,517 patients who had undergone both esophageal and duodenal biopsies.  “Odds of EoE (eosinophilic esophagitis) were 26% higher in patients with celiac disease than in patients without celiac disease” (adjusted odds ratio 1.26).

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From the High Line, NYC

From the High Line, NYC

“The Solution to Drug Prices”

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Worth a read: “The Solution to Drug Prices” by Eziel Emanuel

An excerpt:

WE’RE paying too much for prescription drugs….Despite representing about 1 percent of prescriptions in 2014, these types of high-cost drugs accounted for some 32 percent of all spending on pharmaceuticals….

Almost all developed countries… making drugs available at fixed prices …Drug companies would immediately raise two objections: the high risks associated with drug development and, related, the high cost of research and development. But both of these arguments are fatuous…

Also, as outrageous as they are, prices are not the real issue. Value is. What really frustrates people are expensive drugs that do not provide a cure. For instance, Opdivo adds an average of 3.2 months of life to lung cancer patients and costs $150,000 per year for treatment…

Everyone, including drug company executives, believes that high prices cannot continue. Indeed, that is one reason that companies are trying to maximize profits while they can. We must come up with a comprehensive solution now.

Parenteral Nutrition and False Positive Newborn Screens, Plus One

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Briefly noted:

“Stopping Parenteral Nutrition for 3 Hours Reduces False Positives in Newborn Screening” T Tim-Aroon et al. J Pediatr 2015; 167: 312-6. By stopping parenteral nutrition (PN), the authors reduced false-positive results for amino acid disorders among newborn screenings. In patients receiving PN, holding PN (and using IVFs) was associated with a false-positive rate of 2/65 compared with 29/245 who continued PN (3.1% vs. 11.8%; P=.037)

“Age at Weaning and Infant Growth: Primary Analysis and Systemic Review” B Vail et al. J Pediatr 2015; 167: 317-24. UK prospective study with n=571 singletons along with systemic review which identified two trials. Conclusion: “In high-income countries, weaning between 3 and 6 months appears to have a neutral effect on infant growth.  Inverse associations are likely related to reverse causality.”

 

 

Just Saying…Vaccines Don’t Trigger Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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The other day I was having a fun discussion on words that we may choose before providing information that others might not like.  Some examples:

  • “No offense but”…
  • “Don’t take this the wrong way”…
  • “Just saying”…

A recent report (GP de Chambrun et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1405-15) debunks claims that vaccines increase the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).  A report by Thompson NP et al (Lancet 1995; 345: 1071-74) suggested that measles vaccination could increase risk of IBD.  In the current study, the researchers examined 11 previous studies for review and meta-analysis.  Vaccines included: BCG, DPT, smallpox, poliomyelitis, pertussis, H1N1,measles, mumps, rubella, and combined MMR.  This study included 2399 patients with IBD and 33,747 controls. Bottomline: “Results of this meta-analysis show no evidence supporting an association between childhood immunization or H1N1 vaccination in adults and risk of developing IBD.” With regard to the measles vaccine in particular, the relative risk was 1.33 (CI 0.31 -5.80) in cohort studies and the relative risk was 0.85 (CI 0.60 -1.20) in case-control studies.

What types of words do you hear people use before saying something someone is not going to like?

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Desperate Measures in Refractory IBD

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The often cited, ‘desperate times call for desperate measures,’ resonates in the setting of refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).  [Of course, this saying could be used to justify about anything you want to do.]  For IBD, two recent studies point out potential remedies:

  • SA Merkley, et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 1854-59.
  • M Lazzerini, et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 1739-49, with editorial by A Bousvaros (1750-51)

In the first study, the authors retrospectively analyzed date from 24 IBD patients who were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) at a dose of 0.4 g/kg/day for 3 days, then 0.4 g/kg once a month. Key findings: 16 (67%) had a response and 3 (12.5%) obtained remission. Measures of improvement included CRP, ESR, Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s disease, and the Harvery-Bradshaw Index. The researchers speculate that IVIG has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulator effects.  In addition, they note that IVIG can be given with concurrent infections.

In the second study, the authors studied thalidomide(1.5-2.5 mg/kg/day) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized pediatric clinical trial in children with refractory active ulcerative colitis. Key findings: at week 8, clinical remission was achieved in 10/12 (83%) of thalidomide arm compared with 2/11 (19%) of control patients.  Then, among control patients who were switched, 8 of 11 (72%) reached remission as well. Peripheral neuropathy and amenorrhea were reported adverse effects. In the accompanying editorial, Dr. Bousvaros notes that there has been some data to suggest thalidomide efficacy in ulcerative colitis since 1979.  However, due to widespread bad publicity related to thalidomide-induced teratogenicity (eg. phocomelia) and side effects including neuropathy, it has not been used with much frequency. He notes that this study, as well, requires replication and speculates that “the primary focus on drug development will focus on newer small molecules and biologics, and this potentially useful medication may be left on the sidelines.” It is worth noting that the authors response (pg 1752) to this editorial was that the stigma of thalidomide is unwarranted and that teratogenicity can be avoided. “No case was observed out of 124,000 patients enrolled in the thalidomide distribution risk management program for more than 6 years.”

Bottomline: Both thalidomide and IVIG may be beneficial to desperate patients (and desperate doctors).  While small trials appear promising, larger trials are needed.  Don’t hold your breath waiting … will they ever happen?

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ICD-10: Source for humor?

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Like most physicians, I am not terribly excited about the transition to ICD-10.  The increased detail with coding will take longer and be a hassle. However, there is apparently some humor to be derived from the institution of ICD-10.

From HealthcareDive.com: “There are 68,000 billing codes under the new ICD-10 system, as opposed to a paltry 13,000 under the current ICD-9. …Despite the controversy surrounding ICD-10, there is one universally agreed-upon upside to the hyper-specific coding system: Weird and obscure codes that stand for bizarre medical injuries. There’s even an illustrated book, Struck by an Orca: ICD-10 Illustrated.”

Some of the absurd ICD-10 codes from HealthcareDive.com:

  • V97.33XD: Sucked into jet engine, subsequent encounter
  • Y92.146: Swimming-pool of prison as the place of occurrence of the external cause
  • W55.41XA: Bitten by pig, initial encounter​
  • W61.62XD: Struck by duck, subsequent encounter
  • Z63.1: Problems in relationship with in-laws
  • W220.2XD: Walked into lamppost, subsequent encounter
  • Y93.D: V91.07XD: Burn due to water-skis on fire, subsequent encounter​
  • W55.29XA: Other contact with cow, subsequent encounter
  • W22.02XD: V95.43XS: Spacecraft collision injuring occupant, sequela
  • W61.12XA: Struck by macaw, initial encounter
  • R46.1: Bizarre personal appearance

Multiple authorities have weighed in on the issue of which ICD-10 codes are most zany. Here are a few links:

University of South Florida their list includes

  • Knitting and Crocheting (Y93.D1)
  • Pecked by chicken, initial encounter (W61.33XA)

Multibriefs Exclusive their list includes

  • T71.231D Asphyxiation due to being trapped in a discarded refrigerator, accidental
  • V80.730A Animal-rider injured in collision with trolley
  • Z62.1 Parental overprotection
  • T63 Unspecified event, undetermined intent

NY Times: Roughed up by an Orca? There’s a code for that (from 12/29/13) “There are codes for injuries incurred in opera houses and while knitting, and one for sibling rivalry.” This article has some nice graphics, including one of a water skier with the skis on fire.

Another Look at “Step-up” IBD Therapy

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Whether and how long to continue immunomodulators in patients who have undergone a “step-up” treatment to anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy remains murky.  This is due to conflicting data from different patient cohorts, changing treatment trends, (e.g. use of drug monitoring to enhance anti-TNF therapy), and different endpoints. With regard to the latter, dual therapy has been clearly more effective in some landmark studies (eg. SONIC, UC SUCCESS); however, there have been ongoing concerns regarding long-term outcomes and adverse effects.

Will more studies help resolve this question? Perhaps, but not today.

A recent study (MT Osterman et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1293-1301) examined a retrospective cohort of new users of anti-TNF therapy for Crohn’s disease in Medicare recipients.  The authors matched 381 combination with infliximab (ie. dual therapy) with 912 users of monotherapy. In addition, the authors did the same with adalimumab with 196 combination users and 505 monotherapy users. In their cohort, combination therapy occurred primarily as a “step-up” treatment after institution of thiopurine therapy.

Results:

  • Key outcome measures were unchanged: rates of surgery (hazard ratio [HR] 1.2, hospitalization HR 0.82, discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy or surgery HR 1.09, and serious infection HR 0.93
  • Opportunistic infections were increased in combination therapy with HR 2.64 and herpes zoster infection was increased with HR 3.16

Take-home message: This study suggests, at least in this elderly population, that once remission is achieved with anti-TNF therapy, discontinuation of thiopurine therapy or use of an alternative immunomodulator therapy may be worthwhile.  At the same time, definitive answers to these type of questions await carefully designed randomized trials.

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Identifying Anastomotic Ulcers with Capsule Endoscopy

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A retrospective review (LM Bass et al. JPGN 2015; 61: 215-9) showed that capsule endoscopy (CE) can be helpful in identifying anastomotic ulcers among patients with short bowel syndrome and chronic GI blood loss.

This study of 4 patients (& 6 CE procedures) indicated that two of these patients underwent surgery after identifying anastomotic ulcers.  The other common treatment was antibiotics. In the suggested evaluation CE was used after upper/lower endoscopy. The recommended role for patency capsule/small bowel imaging is not clearly spelled out, but should be carefully considered due to the risk of strictures.

“The decision to perform CE is made in conjunction with medical and surgical teams so that, although every effort is made to avoid a situation that may result in a retained capsule, both parents and care teams are prepared.”

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Why We Should Not Worry That Much About Water Intake

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A recent article in the NY Times rebuts the claim that so many kids are dehydrated: No, You Don’t Have to Drink 8 Glasses of Water a Day

An excerpt:

Prospective studies fail to find benefits in kidney function or all-cause mortality when healthy people increase their fluid intake. Randomized controlled trials fail to find benefits as well, with the exception of specific cases — for example, preventing the recurrence of some kinds of kidney stones. Real dehydration, when your body has lost a significant amount of water because of illness, excessive exercise or sweating, or an inability to drink, is a serious issue. But people with clinical dehydration almost always have symptoms of some sort….

This summer’s rash of stories was inspired by a recent study in the American Journal of Public Health. Researchers used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2009 to 2012 to examine 4,134 children ages 6 to 19. Specifically, they calculated their mean urine osmolality, which is a measure of urine concentration. The higher the value, the more concentrated the urine…

But as people in this country live longer than ever before, and have arguably freer access to beverages than at almost any time in human history, it’s just not true that we’re all dehydrated.

Some of the key points:

  • Much of the research suggesting that there is an epidemic of under hydration is being funded by companies with a financial interest
  • Water is contained in both foods and other beverages
  • The research standard of urine osmalality >800 mOsm is not used clinically
  • There are no documented health advantages that have been identified in individuals who drink more fluid (except in those with documented history of kidney stones)

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